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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a genotype?
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The information stored in a gene
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What is a phenotype?
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The expressed characteristic of the gene
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What can cause a change in phenotype?
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-Change in environment
-Alteration of DNA sequence (genotype) |
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What is in the lac operon?
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Contains a set of genes that codes for B-galactosidase
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What is the function of B-galactosidase?
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Cleaves lactose to form glucose and galactose. Can also cleave X-gal
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How can you test for the presence of B-galactosidase?
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Using X-gal. If it is present colonies will be blue.
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What is one way to test for lactose utilization?
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Use minimal media
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What are two ways mutations can occur?
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-As a result of mistakes in DNA replication (spontaneous)
-Mutagens can damage DNA |
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When is the lac operon functional and when is it not?
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Lac operon is turned on in the presence of lactose and turned off in the presence of glucose.
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If lac- colonies are plated on lacMM+X-gal and there are blue colonies, what has occured?
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The lac- mutants have reverted back to wild type.
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What is catabolite repression?
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When lactose utilization is not turned on because it is in the presence of glucose
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What is Diauxic Growth?
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In the presence of two carbon sources, E.coli will utilize glucose before it will utilize lactose.
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What is CAP?
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A protein that controls catabolite repression.
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What does CAP do to control repression?
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Binds to cAMP which binds to DNA.
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What color will the colonies be on this plate:
E. coli in minimal media + 0.02% glucose |
Clear
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What color will the colonies be on this plate:
E. coli in minimal media + 0.02% lactose |
Blue
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What color will the colonies be on this plate:
E. coli in minimal media + 0.02% glucose and 0.02% lactose |
Some clear, some blue
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What color will the colonies be on this plate:
E. coli in minimal media + 0.005% glucose and 0.02% lactose |
Mostly blue but a few clear because there is more lactose than glucose.
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What is transformation?
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The ability for bacteria to take up foreign DNA by altering their cell membrane and change the competency.
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How do you complete transformation of E.coli?
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E.coli is grown to mid-log growth, treated with calcium chloride at cold temp to make the cell permeable to small DNA molecules.
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What is the purpose of lacZ?
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Encodes for B-galactosidase
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What is the function of lacI?
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Encodes for the lac repressor protein
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What is the function of blaA?
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Encodes for B-lactamase, which confers resistance to ampicillin
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What is the ori?
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An origin of replication which enables the plasmid to be replicated.
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What is the multiple cloning site (MCS)?
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DNA segment that was designed to contain variety of useful restriction enzyme recognition sites.
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What are antimicrobial chemicals?
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Chemcials that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
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What are disinfectants?
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Used to control bacterial growth on inanimate surfaces
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What are antiseptics?
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Used to control bacterial growth on biological tissues
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What are antibiotics?
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Special class of antimicrobial agent that can be ingested and used for treatment of disease
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What produces antibiotics?
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Microbes and certain fungi
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What is the most important characteristic of an antibiotic?
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Selective toxicity
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What is selective toxicity?
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The ability of an antibiotic to affect functions of bacterial cells without affecting the host cell functions.
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What is UV irradiation?
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The process of killing cells by inhibiting DNA replication. Radiation is absorbed by pyrimidine bases to make dimers, which prevents replication
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What is a bacteriophage?
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A virus that affects bacteria and lyses the cell when infected.
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What are lytic bacteriophage?
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Virus enters, copy, assemble, and lyses
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What are lysogenic bacteriophage?
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Virus enters, integrates into the host genome, and alters phenotype of bacteria
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What is the viral titer?
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The concentration of the virus in a suspension.
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What is Agar disc diffusion?
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Test that shows the effect of an antimicrobial chemical on bacterial growth
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What is Contact time assay?
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Test that measures the exposure time necessary to kill a population of microbes
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What are Kirby-bauer tests?
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Test that measures the susceptibility of a test microorganism to a range of antibiotics.
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What are Plaque forming units?
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Test that determines the number of viral particles in a suspension by doing serial dilutions of the suspension and plating it on a plaque forming assay.
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What is resident flora?
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Bacteria that grows on or in the body.
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What are the gram results for both Staphylococcus and Streptococcus?
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Gram positive
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What is a resevoir?
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The site where the microbes reside
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What is a source?
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The site where the agent is transmitted to a susceptible host
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What is a carrier?
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An infected human that can serve as a reservoir
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What are the methods of transmission?
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-Contact
-Vehicle -Air -Vector |
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What is an indicator organism?
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The presence of it indicates fecal contamination
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What are coliforms?
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Aerobic, gram negative, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacteria, that ferment lactose with gas within 48 hours.
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Why is the milk boiled when making yogurt?
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To kill any bad microbes
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Why is the powdered milk added to the yogurt?
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To give more protein to solidify after fermentation
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Why is the milk cooled?
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To keep the good microbes alive
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Why is yogurt stock added?
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To start the culture
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