Microbiology Ludlum Exam 2

1. Cytoplasm 2. Cell membrane 3. DNA 4. Ribosomes

Synthesize protein.

Nucleus, organelles

1. Growth and development 2. Reproduction and heredity 3. Metabolism (energy utilization) 4. Movement (response to stimuli) 5. Cell support, protection, storage - ordered structure 6. Transports materials in and out of cell 7.

External - appendages (motility or attachment); glycocalyx (slime layer or capsule). Cell envelope - cell wall and membrane. Internal - cytoplasmic matrix, various internal structures. Flagella - function mobility (1. filament - single protein strand 2. inserted into curved hook or sheath 3. Held in place by basal body.)

back & forth vs. 360 degrees.

Polar (attached at one or both ends) Montrichjous - (single flagellum) Lophotrichous - (tuft of flagella at one end) Amphitrichous - (flagella at both ends) Or peritrichous (which has flagella all over cell), or Atrichous - no flagella.

1. Electron microscope. 2. Flagellar stain (a type of differential stain) 3. Demonstrate motility (semisolid agar or hanging drop slide)

Movement in response to a detected chemical. (positive - moving toward or negative - moving away)

Spirochetes.

Internal flagella - between outer sheath and cell wall; cell wrapped around filaments - twisting, flexing movement.

Function in attachment to cells or surfaces, made of hollow tubes.

just a few - connection to exchange genetic information - bacterial variation, but no new cell.

Numerous - attachment. Need better definition.

Complex layers external to cytoplasm - glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane.

Coating of macromolecules, protection and adherence. 1. Slime layer (loose, prevents dehydration). 2. Capsule (thicker and tightly bound to cell, sticky), contributes to pathogenicity.

Determines shape of cell, provides support, contains peptidoglycan. Exact cell wall composition can vary somewhat. Cell wall basis for some staining techniques.

Structural sugar/protein that lends structure to cell wall.

Thick cell wall, Primary composition (peptidoglycan and techoic acids), Almost no periplasmic...

Thinner (less peptidoglycan) cell wall, larger periplasmic space, Outer membrane (contains lipopolysacchararides), soluble in nonpolar solvents. Acts as endotoxin. Often resistant to host defenses.

Have gram positive cell wall, mostly contain mycolic acid - wax, contributes to pathogenicity, difficult to stain (carbol fuschin best dye), Stain not removed by acid.

Mycobacteria, nocardia

Archaea and Bacteria.

Glycoprotein

Vary in cell wall composition, lack peptidoglycan, composed of other polysaccharides or proteins, a few have NO cell well.

They have no cell walls (sterols in cell membrane prevent lysis), Pleomorphic (showing extreme variations in shape).

L forms or L phase variants. Arises from mutation or treatment with enzymes or antibiotics.

Gram positive cells that loose their peptidoglycan covering.

Gram negative cells that loose their peptidoglycan covering.

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins in, on and through. Selectively permeable (transports nutrients in/wastes out. Mesosomes extend into cell to increase surface area. Site of almost all biochemical reactions, no membranous organelles.

Cytoplasm, genetic material, Ribosomes, cytoskeleton,

Gelatinous solution, mostly water. SIte of biochemical reactions.

Single, circular strand of DNA (concentrated in nucleoid); plasmids (small, circular extrachromosomal DNA - outside genes that are carried on the outside that aren’t absolutely necessary for life).

Storage vesicles

network of protein polymers associated with cell wall - maintain shape. May influence cell wall formation.

An elongate, hollow appendage used in transfers of DNA to other cells in cell adhesion.

Survival structures, form under unfavorable conditions, germinate in favorable conditions (returns to vegetative cell), constant invaders of sterility, extremely resistant to destruction.

Clostridium bacillus

Vibrio (excessively curvy rods - spirillum are rigid, spirochete are flexible and have an axial filament.)

Arrangement.

pairs

clusters

chains

packets of 4 cells

packets of 8-24 cells.

Vary in shape due to variations in cell wall structure.

Fence-like arrangement. Cells fold together length-wise.

Microscopic morphology, Macroscopic morphology (shape of colony), Physiological/biochemical characteristic, Chemical analysis, serological analysis, genetic and molecular analysis.

Difficult (few fossil records), no universally accepted method, oldest and best known is (Bergey’s manual of systematic bateriology) , phenetic system - first edition (based on cell wall composition, morphology, metabolism.

second edition, based on recent genetic info. Changed from 2 domains and 4 phyla to 5 major subgroups and 25 phyla, each subgroup presented in a a separate volume.

Domain archaea, most ancient members of domain bacteria, live in extreme conditions, cyanobacteria,

Phylum proteobacteria, gram negative cell wall (escherichia, salmonella, heliocobacter), rickettsias (no cell walls), purple bacteria - protosynthetic.

Phylum firmicutes, gram positive cell wall - low G & C content. Includes staphylococcus, streptococcus, clostridium, bacillus; Mycoplasmas (no cell wall).

Phylum actinobacteria, gram positive cell wall, High G & C content (corynebacterium, mycobacterium, micrococcus), pleomorphic and branching cells.

Nine phyla (may or may not be related), gram negative cell wall, anaerobic GNB, chlamydia, spirochetes (Borrelia, Treponema).

Use gram stain reaction - get GPC (gram positive coccus), GNC, GPB, GNB

Collection of cells sharing an overall similar pattern of traits.

Strains - differ from parent in structure or metaolism, types - differ in antigenic makeup, viral susceptibility, pathogenicity

Staphylococcus, streptococcus, enterococcus, enterococcus, peptococcus, peptostreptococcus

Neisseria, Branhamella, Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Veillonella

Bacillus, Clostridium (endospore formers), lactobacillus, listeria, erysipelothrix, propionibacteriu, corynebacterium, mycobacterium, nocardia (acid fast), actinomyces, strptomyces (branching cells)

Brucella, bordetella, francisella, pseudomonas, enterbacteriaceae (E. coli, etc), legionella, vibrio, campylobacter, haemophilus, ...

Spirochetes, ....

Cilia and flagella (used for motility, 9 + 2 arrangement - meaning no 360, but whip-like) flagella are longer, cilia are shorter.

Glycocalyx (polysaccharides, network of fibers, may be slime layer or capsule, protection adherence and signal recognition. Cell walls seen in algae (cellulose, pectin, minerals) and fungi (chitin)

Phospholipid bilayer with proteins in, on, and through; sterols found in eucaryoticcell membrane for stability, selectively permeable.

Nucleus (separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane, Nucleolus-RNA synthesis, chromosomes are linear)

Separates cytoplasm into “rooms,” site of enzyme attachment; sit of enzyme attachment (worktable); Smooth ER - site of lipid synthesis, rough ER - ribosomes attached, complex protein secretions (closely associated with Golgi apparatus.

Smooth ER.

Rough ER

materials form Rough ER pass through Golgi vesicles for processing.

whiplike - whiplike.

A little package filled with needed things - goes where it needs and merges with appropriate membrane to deliver its contents.

Vesicles from Golgi containing digestive enzymes. They are for “breaking” or “eating” things.

Programmed cell death. (all lysosomes programmed to empty at once)

Tupperware of the cell. Storing things until needed - food it will need later, waste products, pigments)

Powerhouse of the cell. Site of glucose oxidation to form ATP - cellular respiration.

Site of photosynthesis. Take sun energy and build sugar for later use.

Mother

energy, DNA.

The green parts.

mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Have double membrane, contain circular DNA, Have 70S ribosomes, Capable of dividing independent of cell division

Muscle & nerve - because they take the most energy.

Non-membranous organelle; protein synthesis (large subunit 60S, small subunit 40S - combine together to make 80S?!?!) Ribosomes in cell are different from ribosomes within mitochondria.

Microtubules and microfilaments, provide cell shape, allows for movement (in absense of flegella, etc), anchor organelles, transports organelles.

fungi, protists (algae and protozoa), parasitic worms.

Always fungus (sometimes a name will be similar if it has fungus-like symptoms), Yeast (round to oval cells), mushrooms, mildew, mold.

fungus or fungus-like.

multi

yeast

asexually by “budding”

Chain of yeast cells that result when buds remain attached. Clumping.

Thread-like cells that compose filamentous fungi (molds).

The whole “body” of a fungus. form of body of mold, collection of hyphae.

Septate has cross-walls, aseptate doesn’t (many connections, doors/openings throughout)

Something (fungus) that grows on the food source and just absorbs all the food they need.

Fungus that can exist as single cells or a form hyphae, depends on growth conditions.

Both.

Cannot make their own food.

Because they breakdown dead things.

Feed off dead plants/animals

In nutritionally poor environments.

Fungal infections. (in animals, plants, humans - some are species specific - others are not).

they are normally haploid, asexual reproduction (spores from mitosis), sexual reproduction - spores produced through fusion of two parental nuclei, Meiosis follows (haploid)

having flagella all around the cell.

Gram positive cells

Phylum I - zygomaycota, Phylum II - Ascomycota, Phylum III - Basidiomycota, Phylum IV - Chytridomycota, Phylum V - Deuteromycota.

Phylum V - Deuteromycota.

Histoplasma, Microsporum, Penicillium, Pneumo....

Most form mushrooms - Amanita, Claviceps purpurea, cryptococcus neoformans

Chytrids, primitive, don’t form hypae or yeast-like cells, prodcue flagellated spores and gametes, free-living in soil water, may plant and animal parasites (no parasites for humans).

Grow on nutirtionally poor media (prevents bacterial growth), Macroscopic evaluation, microscopic evaluation, Characteristics (asexual spores, hyphal type, colony texture, physiology, genetic makeup, pigmentation)

Primary will make anyone sick, Opportunistic makes you sick if over-exposed and under-immune protected.

40%!

Major decomposers of dead organic matter and mineral/nutrient recyclers. Mycorrhizae (symbiotic relationship with plant roots - increase water absorption), Source of antibiotics/vitamins/drugs, Used in food and beverage manufacturing.

Kingdom Protista.

A subkingdom under Protista. Photosynthetic, contain chlorophyll and other pigments, few are infectious, some produce toxins that cause illness if ingested or inhaled, “red tides”, plankton, diatoms.

A subkingdom under Protista. Heterotrophic, some parasitic, Classified based on motility (flagella, ...)

A mature but dormant stage of a protozoa’s life.

Trophozoite. (Troph)

Mastigophora, Sarcidona, Ciliophora, Sporozoa,

Flagellated, many species are parasitic - Pathogens: Trypanosoma, Leishmania are blood parasites. Giardia (intestinal, diarrhea), Trichomonas (vaginitis)

Pseudopods, few parasites (Entamoeba histolytica), Montezuma’s Revenge.

Ciliated, few parasites in this class, Balantidium coli - intestinal.

No organelle for motility, complex life cycles (sexual and asexual), Mostly parasitic. Plasmodium (Malaria), Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium.

South & Central America, Chagas Disease, Blood flagellate, Transmitted by blood-sucking reduviid bug, Soon leaves blood for smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

Entamoeba histolytica

Animalia

Identified by microscopic examination of eggs, shape and size of worm, presence of special structures, mode of reproduction, kind of hosts,

Class Trematoda.

Class Cestoda.

Flatworms (tapeworms, flukes)

Roundworms - nematodes.

Cephalization (definite head region - with extra nerve activity there), Some have organs and organ systems, Reproductive systems are more “well developed,”

Complex with multiple hosts, most reproduction is sexual, produces eggs in protective shells.

Pinworm or seat worm (roundworm), Intestinal infection, Oral/fecal transmission, Simple, uncomplicated infection, Very common infection in children.

He developed the oldest and best known classification system used for bacteria.

A bacterial cell arrangement in which the cells form packets of 8-64 cells.

Prokaryotic structure that holds flagellum in place.

root meaning “flagellum.”

They are “infectious particles” Obligate intracellular parasites. Protein coat with surrounds Nucleic acid - DNA or RNA. Acellular. Ultramicroscopic (20-450 nm)

the capsomere - protein coat surrounding virus.

Cell membrane with protein spikes. These spikes allow attachment to new host cell. This envelope is used as a cell wall, but stolen from previous host cell. Some viruses are naked - protein coat with nucleic acid.

Fully formed virus capable of infection.

Responsible for infective properties of virus. Contain proteins for attachment. Protect viral nucleic acid when outside a host cell.

DNA.

DNA, RNA (not both), single stranded, double stranded, linear, circular or fragmented.

Puts nucleotides together to build DNA/RNA. (or catalyze for such)

One that must have host-specific enzymes already packaged within to be functional. They make DNA from RNA.

3 orders, 63 familles, 263 genera. Family names end in -viridae. Genus names end in -virus. ot widely accepted - genus or common names used.

1. adsorption, 2. penetration/uncoating, 3. replication, 4. assembly, 5. release

Recognition of host cell (attachment)

Entrance of virion into host cell.

Copy and manufacture of viral components.

Only specific ones, depending on virus type.

Endocytosis.

They become a part of the cell membrane and empty contents within cell.

DNA viruses - DNA migrates to nucleus, directs activities of replication. RNA remains in cytoplasms and directs activities of replication.; mature virus particles assembled from pool of parts; capsid shell forms; nucleic acid inserted; enveloped viruses insert protein. Rlease (naked viruses cell lyses and dies, enveloped viruses - virus particles “bud” from cell membrane exocytosis. Takes more and more cell membrane.)

translates directly.

Cytopathic Effect. - Virally incduced damage to host cell, visible through microscope; Cell Death; Latent state (persistent infections); oncogenticity - causes host cell to transform into a cancer cell.

Viruses that infect bacteria. Well-studied, complex viruses, some show lysogeny. Dormant state - phage DNA becomes inactive prophage; Host cell not lysed - may reactivate.

corynebacterium diphtheriae, scarlet fever, bivrio cholerae, clostridium botulinum

Require living cells - animal inoculation, bird embryos, cell or tissue culture

proteinaceous infectious particles; small, highly resistant particles; spongiform encephalopathies. (Mad cow disease or Cruetzfeld-Jakob Disease) A possible genetic factor.

Tiny, naked strands of infectious RNA. Plants only. Can find with probe using labeled complementary RNA.

Direct rapid antibody tests or checking cells for CPE. Treatments - antibiotics work on prokaryotic cells. Antibiotics work on prokaryotic cells, antiviral drugs more toxic to host. Interferon - a natural antiviral. Vaccines.

Streak plate.

Pour plate.

Solidifying agent (with necessary nutrients included) culture medium. Melts at 100 C, solidifies at 40 C.

It will appear cloudy or “turbid”.

Culture.

Colonial form (shape of colonies), elevation (flat, convex, umbonate), and margin (smooth or not).

number of colonies x dilution = # of bacteria per ml