Microbiology - Microbes and Antibiotics Flash Cards

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Title: Microbiology - Microbes and Antibiotics
Description: Questions from class notes on Microbes and Antibiotics
Number of Cards: 97
Save Count: 4
Author: jwdpta9
Created: 2002-10-01
Tags: biology
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    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • Which of the two is used topically and which is used internally?
    • Nystatin - topically
      Amphotericin B - internally
    • What is the metabolism of Abxs?
    • Abx -> blood, goes thru liver, it is conjugated where it is sent back into the blood; kidneys removed conjugated abx and put it into the urine
    • What are the modes of action of Abxs?
    • Inhibit cell wall synthesis, cell membrane fxn, inhibit bacterial 70s ribosomes, and affect DNA/RNA fxn
    • What is the goal of asepsis?
    • to prevent, eliminate or confine infection
    • What spectrum are Polymyxins?
    • narrow spectrum against G- bacteria
    • What are the phagocytic cells of inflammation?
    • Neutrophils and monocytes
    • What 4 things can we do for infection control?
    • Education of public
      Technical development for proper dx
      Survelliance during tests of microbes
      Statutory Regulations of OTC drugs
    • What is antisepsis?
    • the process of destroying only vegetative pathogens on living tissue - mouthwash for teeth
    • What do anti-fungal agents work against?
    • against the eukaryotic fungi - yeasts and molds
    • Name several anti-viral agents.
    • Acyclovir / Zovirax for Herpes, Amantadine for Influenza A, Ribavirin for RSV, Interferon for hepatitis viruses
    • Sanitization is used to ...
    • reduce the # of microbes on inanimate surfaces
    • What are 4 methods of antisepsis?
    • boiling, US cleaning, radiation, chemical methods
    • How do Nystatin and Amphotericin work?
    • they inhibit the functioning of sterols in the eukaryotic cell membrane; since prokaryotic cell membranes don't have sterols, they don't work on bacterial growth in these cells
    • What is the most common macrolide?
    • Erythromycin
    • What is ethylene oxide active against?
    • both vegetative and spores; highly microbicidal
    • What can a disinfectant be used on and why?
    • It cannot be used on tissue due to it being too harsh of a chemical. It can be used on innominate objects - table, sinks, etc.
    • What soil bacteria do all the 70s inhibiting Abxs come from?
    • Streptomyces spp.
    • What are innate or non-specific resistance?
    • Species, intraspecies / racial, and individual resistance, sex, hormone balances
    • How does autoclaving kill microbes?
    • increased H20 content in protoplasm decreases the temperature necessary to denature all protein in microbes, killing them; 15# above atmospheric T
    • What is asepsis?
    • process of dettering the development of sepsis or the breakdown of tissue by microbes
    • How do these work more against fungal cell membranes than against human cell membranes?
    • Fungi, yeast, molds have more sterols in their cell membrane than we do
    • What spectrum are tetracyclines?
    • broad spectrum
    • What is antitoxin therapy?
    • used to neutralize toxins
    • What is the function of a disinfectant?
    • to destroy pathogens, to prevent infection.
    • What are bacteriocidal Abxs called that inhibit/kill the 70s ribosomes?
    • aminoglycosides
    • What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?
    • suppresses red bone marrow -> aplastic anemia
    • What is chemotherapy?
    • use of chemicals to rx disease; agents should be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal; should be non-toxic to host
    • What is sterilization?
    • The process of killing or removing all life forms, esp. microbes, spores, and viruses. It is an absolute state.
    • How are polymyxins used and are they nephrotoxic?
    • used in ointments and yes, they are nephrotoxic
    • What are side effects of Abxs?
    • Allergy or hypersensitivity
      Toxicity to use-such as Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Aplastic anemia, Tooth discoloration
      Loss of normal microbial flora -> development of sec. infections
    • Why don't Abx have an effect on humans?
    • we don't have the peptidoglycan cell wall
    • Define disinfection.
    • It is the process of destroying only vege-non-pathogens.
    • Polymyxins come from which soil bacteria?
    • Bacillus polymyxa for polymyxin B
      Bacillus colistinus for polymyxin E / colistin
    • What is the common trade name for Chloramphenicol?
    • Chloromycetin
    • What are two types of chemical degermination?
    • Using a -cide: that kills microbes
      Using a -static: that inhibits or stops the growth multiplication of microbes - DOES NOT KILL !
    • What is the difference of medical and surgical asepsis?
    • medical asepsis is designed to keep objects, etc. free from pathogens while surgical is designed to prevent microbes from gaining access to pt.
    • What do these Abxs not have an effect on?
    • eukaryotic fungi, yeast, molds, viruses
    • Discuss hormone balance and resistance.
    • Estrogen up-regulates and progesterone down-regulates immune responses
      Cortisone - low levels -> Addison's disease
      high levels -> Cushing's disease
      Blood sugar is playing field for bacterial growth
    • What is an antibiotic?
    • chemical compounds originally produced by mo in which small amounts inhibit or kill other mo's.
    • What is INH / isoniazide hydrazide ?
    • a antimetabolite for mycolic acid, used for rx of TB
    • What are the two anti-fungal agents and where do they come from?
    • Nystatin from Streptomyces noursei
      Amphotericin B from Streptomyces nodosus
    • What is sulfa and sulfonamides?
    • an antimetabolite that is substituted for PABA that leads to stopping DNA synthesis; they are bacteriostatic
    • What is alkylation that is used with ethylene oxide?
    • it involves the replacement of H on organic moelcules with organic residues
    • What suffix do aminoglycosides end in ?
    • -mycin, -micin
    • What damage can these cause to the body?
    • Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
    • What is immunological prime?
    • 20-40 yos.
    • Why don't Abx have an effect on viruses and fungi?
    • They also lack to peptidoglycan cell walls.
    • What are the side effects of CA therapy?
    • Hair loss, dec. in lining of GI tract, Anemia, immune suppression, bruising
    • How are aminoglycosides given to patients?
    • by IM or IV
    • What are Sulfas used for?
    • UTIs, TB
    • How do soap/surfactants chemically disinfect?
    • it degerms skin by removing transient bacteria by emulsifying skin oil
    • What are the roles of aspirin and acetaminophen in fever reduction?
    • Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis and acetaminophen decreases PGs.
    • What spectrum are aminoglycosides?
    • broad spectrum vs. both G+ and G-
    • What are 2 origins of Abx resistance?
    • Chance mutation in bacterial chromosome
      Plasmid transfer of abx resistance
    • How does dry heat kill microbes?
    • the high T coagulates cell proteins
    • What is Rifampin?
    • From soil bacteria Streptomyces mediterranei
      Inhibits only bacterial exnyme that synthesizes RNA
      Used to rx TB and meningitis
    • What is silver used for?
    • used to prevent opthalmia neonatuorum in newborns
    • What are the side effects of tetracyclines and how should you take them?
    • tooth discoloration in kids; don't take them with meals
    • What is Glutaraldehyde or Cidex?
    • a disinfectant related to formaldehyde
    • What is interferon?
    • a protein that leads to the production of TIP/transnational inhibitory protein which leads to the prevention of viral mRNA from replicating -> viral death
    • Degermination is to ...
    • remove transient microbes on the skin by mechanical and chemical means
    • What body part controls fever?
    • hypothalamus
    • What are the soil fungi and mold Abxs?
    • Penicillium spp. and Cephalosporium spp.
    • What are 4 ways of Abx resistance?
    • Bacterial enzymes inactivate the abx
      Change in selective permeability of cell membrane
      Bacteria develops other metabolic pathway to bypass the abx
      Bacteria develops a smart metabolic enzyme that recognizes the metabolite and won't use it
    • How does US cleaning work?
    • it removes soil and deisintegrates bacterial cells
    • What spectrum are macrolides?
    • narrow against G+ and fragile G-
    • How does radiation kill microbes?
    • thymine dimmers which cause mutations and prevent DNA replication; used to sterilize non-filterable items
    • Which Abxs inhibit nucleic acids in bacteria and humans also?
    • Rifampin, CA therapy
    • What is copper used for?
    • used to control fungal and algal growth
    • What suffix do all tetracyclines end in?
    • -cycline
    • What is a broad and narrow spectrum Abx?
    • Broad = works against G+ and G-
      Narrow = works against only G+ or G- BUT not both
    • What are 3 bacteriostatic Abxs that inhibit but not kill the 70s ribosome of prokaryotic bacteria?
    • Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chlormphenicol
    • What are alkylating agents used for?
    • disinfecting or sterilizing
    • What is neomycin used in and what with ? Hint: triple Abx
    • Triple Abx with bacitracin (G+), polymyxin (G-), and neomycin (G+ and G- 70s ribosomes)
    • What are the soil bacteria Abxs?
    • Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp. - source of -mycins Abx