Microbiology - Microbes and Antibiotics Flash Cards

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Title:	Microbiology - Microbes and Antibiotics
Description:	Questions from class notes on Microbes and Antibiotics
Number of Cards:	97
Save Count:	4
Author:	jwdpta9
Created:	2002-10-01
Tags:	biology
Private	No

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- Question
- Answer
- Side 3

- Which of the two is used topically and which is used internally?
- Nystatin - topically
  Amphotericin B - internally
- What is the metabolism of Abxs?
- Abx -> blood, goes thru liver, it is conjugated where it is sent back into the blood; kidneys removed conjugated abx and put it into the urine
- What are the modes of action of Abxs?
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis, cell membrane fxn, inhibit bacterial 70s ribosomes, and affect DNA/RNA fxn
- What is the goal of asepsis?
- to prevent, eliminate or confine infection
- What spectrum are Polymyxins?
- narrow spectrum against G- bacteria
- What are the phagocytic cells of inflammation?
- Neutrophils and monocytes
- What 4 things can we do for infection control?
- Education of public
  Technical development for proper dx
  Survelliance during tests of microbes
  Statutory Regulations of OTC drugs
- What is antisepsis?
- the process of destroying only vegetative pathogens on living tissue - mouthwash for teeth
- What do anti-fungal agents work against?
- against the eukaryotic fungi - yeasts and molds
- Name several anti-viral agents.
- Acyclovir / Zovirax for Herpes, Amantadine for Influenza A, Ribavirin for RSV, Interferon for hepatitis viruses
- Sanitization is used to ...
- reduce the # of microbes on inanimate surfaces
- What are 4 methods of antisepsis?
- boiling, US cleaning, radiation, chemical methods
- How do Nystatin and Amphotericin work?
- they inhibit the functioning of sterols in the eukaryotic cell membrane; since prokaryotic cell membranes don't have sterols, they don't work on bacterial growth in these cells
- What is the most common macrolide?
- Erythromycin
- What is ethylene oxide active against?
- both vegetative and spores; highly microbicidal
- What can a disinfectant be used on and why?
- It cannot be used on tissue due to it being too harsh of a chemical. It can be used on innominate objects - table, sinks, etc.
- What soil bacteria do all the 70s inhibiting Abxs come from?
- Streptomyces spp.
- What are innate or non-specific resistance?
- Species, intraspecies / racial, and individual resistance, sex, hormone balances
- How does autoclaving kill microbes?
- increased H20 content in protoplasm decreases the temperature necessary to denature all protein in microbes, killing them; 15# above atmospheric T
- What is asepsis?
- process of dettering the development of sepsis or the breakdown of tissue by microbes
- How do these work more against fungal cell membranes than against human cell membranes?
- Fungi, yeast, molds have more sterols in their cell membrane than we do
- What spectrum are tetracyclines?
- broad spectrum
- What is antitoxin therapy?
- used to neutralize toxins
- What is the function of a disinfectant?
- to destroy pathogens, to prevent infection.
- What are bacteriocidal Abxs called that inhibit/kill the 70s ribosomes?
- aminoglycosides
- What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?
- suppresses red bone marrow -> aplastic anemia
- What is chemotherapy?
- use of chemicals to rx disease; agents should be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal; should be non-toxic to host
- What is sterilization?
- The process of killing or removing all life forms, esp. microbes, spores, and viruses. It is an absolute state.
- How are polymyxins used and are they nephrotoxic?
- used in ointments and yes, they are nephrotoxic
- What are side effects of Abxs?
- Allergy or hypersensitivity
  Toxicity to use-such as Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Aplastic anemia, Tooth discoloration
  Loss of normal microbial flora -> development of sec. infections
- Why don't Abx have an effect on humans?
- we don't have the peptidoglycan cell wall
- Define disinfection.
- It is the process of destroying only vege-non-pathogens.
- Polymyxins come from which soil bacteria?
- Bacillus polymyxa for polymyxin B
  Bacillus colistinus for polymyxin E / colistin
- What is the common trade name for Chloramphenicol?
- Chloromycetin
- What are two types of chemical degermination?
- Using a -cide: that kills microbes
  Using a -static: that inhibits or stops the growth multiplication of microbes - DOES NOT KILL !
- What is the difference of medical and surgical asepsis?
- medical asepsis is designed to keep objects, etc. free from pathogens while surgical is designed to prevent microbes from gaining access to pt.
- What do these Abxs not have an effect on?
- eukaryotic fungi, yeast, molds, viruses
- Discuss hormone balance and resistance.
- Estrogen up-regulates and progesterone down-regulates immune responses
  Cortisone - low levels -> Addison's disease
  high levels -> Cushing's disease
  Blood sugar is playing field for bacterial growth
- What is an antibiotic?
- chemical compounds originally produced by mo in which small amounts inhibit or kill other mo's.
- What is INH / isoniazide hydrazide ?
- a antimetabolite for mycolic acid, used for rx of TB
- What are the two anti-fungal agents and where do they come from?
- Nystatin from Streptomyces noursei
  Amphotericin B from Streptomyces nodosus
- What is sulfa and sulfonamides?
- an antimetabolite that is substituted for PABA that leads to stopping DNA synthesis; they are bacteriostatic
- What is alkylation that is used with ethylene oxide?
- it involves the replacement of H on organic moelcules with organic residues
- What suffix do aminoglycosides end in ?
- -mycin, -micin
- What damage can these cause to the body?
- Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
- What is immunological prime?
- 20-40 yos.
- Why don't Abx have an effect on viruses and fungi?
- They also lack to peptidoglycan cell walls.
- What are the side effects of CA therapy?
- Hair loss, dec. in lining of GI tract, Anemia, immune suppression, bruising
- How are aminoglycosides given to patients?
- by IM or IV
- What are Sulfas used for?
- UTIs, TB
- How do soap/surfactants chemically disinfect?
- it degerms skin by removing transient bacteria by emulsifying skin oil
- What are the roles of aspirin and acetaminophen in fever reduction?
- Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis and acetaminophen decreases PGs.
- What spectrum are aminoglycosides?
- broad spectrum vs. both G+ and G-
- What are 2 origins of Abx resistance?
- Chance mutation in bacterial chromosome
  Plasmid transfer of abx resistance
- How does dry heat kill microbes?
- the high T coagulates cell proteins
- What is Rifampin?
- From soil bacteria Streptomyces mediterranei
  Inhibits only bacterial exnyme that synthesizes RNA
  Used to rx TB and meningitis
- What is silver used for?
- used to prevent opthalmia neonatuorum in newborns
- What are the side effects of tetracyclines and how should you take them?
- tooth discoloration in kids; don't take them with meals
- What is Glutaraldehyde or Cidex?
- a disinfectant related to formaldehyde
- What is interferon?
- a protein that leads to the production of TIP/transnational inhibitory protein which leads to the prevention of viral mRNA from replicating -> viral death
- Degermination is to ...
- remove transient microbes on the skin by mechanical and chemical means
- What body part controls fever?
- hypothalamus
- What are the soil fungi and mold Abxs?
- Penicillium spp. and Cephalosporium spp.
- What are 4 ways of Abx resistance?
- Bacterial enzymes inactivate the abx
  Change in selective permeability of cell membrane
  Bacteria develops other metabolic pathway to bypass the abx
  Bacteria develops a smart metabolic enzyme that recognizes the metabolite and won't use it
- How does US cleaning work?
- it removes soil and deisintegrates bacterial cells
- What spectrum are macrolides?
- narrow against G+ and fragile G-
- How does radiation kill microbes?
- thymine dimmers which cause mutations and prevent DNA replication; used to sterilize non-filterable items
- Which Abxs inhibit nucleic acids in bacteria and humans also?
- Rifampin, CA therapy
- What is copper used for?
- used to control fungal and algal growth
- What suffix do all tetracyclines end in?
- -cycline
- What is a broad and narrow spectrum Abx?
- Broad = works against G+ and G-
  Narrow = works against only G+ or G- BUT not both
- What are 3 bacteriostatic Abxs that inhibit but not kill the 70s ribosome of prokaryotic bacteria?
- Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chlormphenicol
- What are alkylating agents used for?
- disinfecting or sterilizing
- What is neomycin used in and what with ? Hint: triple Abx
- Triple Abx with bacitracin (G+), polymyxin (G-), and neomycin (G+ and G- 70s ribosomes)
- What are the soil bacteria Abxs?
- Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp. - source of -mycins Abx