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48 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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In microbiology, the term growth refers to:
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an increase in the number and size of microbial cells.
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A cell that uses an organic carbon source and obtains energy from light would be called:
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photoheterotroph
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A(n) ________ organism is one that requires oxygen for growth.
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obligate aerobic
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A(n) ________ organism is one that can live with or without oxygen.
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facultative anaerobic
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A(n) ________ organism is one prefers anaerobic conditions but tolerates low levels of oxygen.
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aerotolerant
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A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n):
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obligate anaerobe
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A microbe that grows only at the top of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n):
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obligate aerobe
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A microbe that grows mostly at the top with a small amount dispersed toward the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n):
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facultative anaerobe
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A microbe that grows relatively evenly throughout a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n):
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aerotolerant anaerobe
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A microbe that grows slightly below the surface but neither directly at the surface nor in the depths of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n):
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microaerophile
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What happens at temperatures higher than the maximum growth temperature for an organism?
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Hydrogen bonds are broken, proteins are denatured, and membranes become too fluid for proper function.
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What temperature classification are human pathogens considered?
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mesophiles (20-40C)
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What temperature range do thermophiles tolerate?
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45C-80C. Requires temperatures higher than 45C.
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What temperatures do hyperthermophiles require?
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Greater than 80C.
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What temperatures do psychrophiles require?
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Less than 20C.
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What type of microbial control is this: a public toilet is treated with disinfectants.
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sanitization
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What type of microbial control is this: a surgeon washes her hands before surgery.
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degerming
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What type of microbial control is this: heat is used to kill potential pathogens in apple juice.
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pasteurization
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What type of microbial control is this: an autoclave is used to prepare a nutrient agar.
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sterilization
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What type of microbial control is this: a nurse prepares an injection site with an alcohol swab.
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degerming
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An instrument that will come into contact with only the skin of a patient should be disinfected with a(n):
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low-level germicide
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What can be used to disinfect air?
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HEPA filters and ultraviolet light.
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Lysol is an example of what kind of chemical antimicrobial agent?
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phenolics
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What can be used to sterilize items that should not, or cannot, be exposed to heat or water?
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ethylene oxide
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A device that removes wastes and adds fresh medium to bacterial cultures in order to prolong the log phase of a culture is called a(n):
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chemostat
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Disinfecting agents naturally produced by microorganisms are:
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antimicrobials
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A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes in general is a(n):
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germicide
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Betadine is an example of which group of antimicrobial agents?
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halogens
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The method of obtaining isolated cultures that utilizes surface area to dilute speciments is called:
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the streak-plate technique
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A colony-forming unit (CFU) is the number of cells:
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that produces one colony
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Which of the following quantification techinques can distinguish living cells from dead cells in a culture?
a) microscopic counts b) dry weight c) metabolic activity d) Coulter counter e) turbidity |
c) metabolic activity
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Which of the following is NOT a direct method for measuring the number of microbes in a sample?
a) viable plate counts b) turbidity c) Coulter counter d) MPN e) membrane filtration |
b) turbidity
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What is found at the 5' end of a DNA strand?
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a phosphate group
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What is found a the 3' end of a DNA strand?
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a hydroxyl group
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What is the typical shape and location of bacterial chromosomes?
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They are circular and found in the nucleoid.
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T or F?: Bacterial plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate autonomously.
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True
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What kind of RNA is involved in translation?
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mRNA, rRNA, & tRNA
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The AUG codon functions in coding for the amino acid methionine and as a:
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start signal
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Semiconservative DNA replication means:
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each daughter DNA molecule is composed of one original strand and one new strand.
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T or F: Okazaki fragments are NOT longer in eukaryotic cells.
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True
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The proofreading function of DNA polymerase III results in an error rate of _______ during DNA replication.
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1 error in 10 billion bases
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What proccesses are involved in the "central dogma" of genetics?
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transcription and translation
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What are two examples of frameshift mutations?
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deletions and insertions
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If the codon AAA is changed to AAG, but still codes for the amino acid lysine, what kind of mutation is it?
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silent mutation
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What causes mutations by creating thymine dimers?
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ultraviolet light
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Adenine pairs with:
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Thymine
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Guanine pairs with:
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Cytosine
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In RNA, Adenine pairs with:
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Uracil
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