Microbiology test 4

Salmonella Typhi

*rose spots on trunk
*gradual temp to 104
*diarrhea/vomiting
*sore in small intestine
*gall bladder always infected (may be carried a long time there)

ABC
rehydration

human

*urine and fecal contamination of food and water
*asymptomatic carrier

*PBH
*sanitary techniques for water/body wastes
*gall bladder removal
*vax no good

Salmonella Choleresis

*bacteria invades blood stream causing abcesses
*leads to meningitis,endocarditis, arthritis, pneumonia

ABC
rehydration

humans (primary)
hogs, cattle, poultry => secondary

*urine and feal contamination of food/water
*asymptomatic carrier

*PBH
*sanitary techniques for water/body wastes
*gall bladder removal (cholecystectomy)

Salmonella

*nausea
*vomiting/diarrhea
*abdominal pain
*gastroenteritis w/in 48 hours after eating the toxin

non-specific
rehydration

*humans (primary)
*cracked eggs and turtles (true food born disease)
*hogs, cattle, poultry => secondary

*urine and fecal contamination of food and water
*asymptomatic carrier
*eating contaminated shell fish

*thorough cooking to kill organisms
*refrigerate food until eaten

Stapyhlococcus

*nausea
*vomiting/diarrhea
*abdominal pain
*depressed temp and blood pressure
*gastroenteritis w/in 1-6 hours after eating toxin
*quick recovery

non-specific
rehydration

*human w/cut or lesion preparing food

ingestion of contaminated food

*sanitary techniques for food handlers
*refrigeration of foods
*1/2 hr boiling deactivates toxin

Clostridium botulinum
(anaerobic)

*blurred/dbl vision
*dizziness/nausea
*vomiting diarrhea
*symptoms w/in 12-36 hours after eating toxin
*if untreated, death from respiratory paralysis or cardiac failure

antitoxin

*humans
*animals
*soil

ingest improperly prepared foods

*proper processing of acidic foods
*inspect unopened cans for "doming"
*10 min boiling = destroyed toxin

*Shigella dysenteriae (produces exotoxin incresing severity of symptoms
*Shigella

*vomiting/diarrhea
*nausea/cramps
*fever
*localixed large intestinal infection

ABC
rehydration

humans

*fecal contamination of water and fomites
*direct fecal-oral route

*sanitary techniques for food handlers
*sewage control
*isolation

E. Coli

Severe watery diarrhea, localized infection of newborns in hospital nurseries, epidemic & high fatality rate

ABC and Rehydration

Humans

direct or indirect fecal contamination

PBH, sanitary techniques for hospital personnel, strict isolation, wipe front to back

Vibrio Cholerae

rice soup diarrhea, severe dehydration and fatigue, difficult to get out of bed, rubber holes in cholera beds, nausea, vomiting, localized intestinal infection, death in untreated, epidemic LD₇₅, endemic LD₅_₁₅

ABC, rehydration

Human

Fecal contamination of water

Sewage control, boil drinking water, vaccine for those at risk

Brucella

Chills and night sweats, increasing muscle weakness, fever, muscle aches/stiffness, weight loss, nerve damage possible, illness lasts weeks-months

ABC (taken for at least weeks)

horses. cattle, goats, sheep

*ingestion of contaminated dairy products
*direct contact through cuts and abrasions of the skin

*pasteurization of all dairy
*domestic animal control (kill infected animals)

1. Brunhilde Strain (24 hr fluish)
2. Lansing Strain (meningitis, no rash)
3. Leon Strain (systemic)

mild, non-paralytic strain, gastro-intestinal infection w/
*nausea, vomting
*drowsiness, headache, fever
*fast recovery

non-paralytic polio, aseptic meningitis, stiff neck and back, 10 days to recovery

paralytic polio, attacks motor neurons causing paralysis (usually affects lower limbs), respiratory paralysis, slow recovery and damage is often permanent

non-specific

Human

*ingestion of fecally contaminated water
*inhalation of airborne droplets emitted by infected person during acute illness stage

Salk vaccine (killed virus)
Sabin vaccine (attenuated)

*Infectious hepatitis - Hepatitis A virus
***food born, infectious 10-50 day
*Serum hepatitis - Hepatitis B virus
***blood born, 10-180 day incubation

anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pale gray feces, malaise then jaundice, bile in urine and hepatomegaly, residual liver damage after recovery, low fatality rate, adult infection is more severe than a child's

non-specific

human, some primates

(HAV) direct contact, contaminated food, water and fomites
(HBV) sharing needles, blood or organ donation

(HAV) vaccine, gamma globulin, prophalaxis
(HBV) vaccine, id blood donors, instrument sterilization

Enterobius vermicularis

Perianal itching, restlessness, insomnia
(female crawls out, lays eggs externally, crawls back in to be fertilized again)

Chemotherapy

Human

direct contact
ova-contaminated fomites

*PBH
*upon diagnosis: household disinfection and chemotherapy combined

Ascaris lumbricoides

1. ingest eggs
2. larvae hatch in duodenum and enter bloodstream
3. Bloodstream carries larva to lungs up trachea where they are coughed up and swallowed
4. In small intestine, larva mature, reproduce and eggs are released in feces
5. Eggs are ingested...
(Tx: ingest chemical to create major peristalsis to squeeze them out)

Trichinella spiralis
(smallest roundworm)
**pork (humans = dead end disease)

1. Eat infected PORK meat/muscle releasing the encysted larva
2. In the duodenum, larva grow, mature, and reproduce
3. Eggs hatch into new larva, entering bloodstream and lymph system
4. Larva then enter skeletal muscle where they are encysted.. stay here until eaten again

**Taenia saginata (bf)
**Taenia solium (pk)

Echinococcus granulosus (small tapeworm having only 4 segments)

Diphyllobothrium latum

Taeniasis = bf/pk
Echinococcosis = dog/hydatid
Diophyllobothriasis = fish

1. Man eats undercooked, infected meat (beef) containing cysticercus (larvae) embedded in meat/muscle
2. Larva released and attached to man's small intestine walls
3. Larva mature, grow and reproduce in small intestine
4. Man defecates outdoors and eggs released in feces
5. Animal (cow) comes along w/in days-months and eats feces containing the eggs or vegetation contaminated with eggs
6. In the animals intestine, the eggs hatch, larvae invade intestinal wall and migrate to the skeletal muscles, where they develop into cysticerci. Can survive for several years in the animal
**need one human/one animal for cycle
**fish/pork/dog all replaced with cow
**prevent cycle with proper waste water treatment and cook meat thoroughly

*diarrhea
*dehydration
*dysentery (blood, mucus, pus passage in stool)
*vomiting

*food
*fomties
*feces
*flies and other insects

40% restaurant
30% nursing home
12% school
10% vacation

*ABC
*Rehydration
*non-specific

*PBH
*Thorough cooking
*proper refrigeration of food
*proper drinking water treatment
*drink pasteurized milk
*proper disposal of body waste
*vaccine
*isolation
*id caarriers
*inspect canned foods for botulism (domed ends)

*Typhoid Fever
*Shigellosis
*Cholera