Miderm 3

How our total influence on the environment (I)results from the interaction among population (P), affluence (A)and technology (T) I=PxAxT

Application of population ecology principles to the study of statistical change in human populations is the focus of the social science

the average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime

the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable

change due to birth and death rates alone, excluding migration

the average number of years that an individual in a particular age group is likely to continue to live

explain s the declining death rates and birth rates that have occurred in Western nations as they became industrialized

death a birth rates are high --not much growth stable through the Neolithic

Industrialization declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care pop growth surgies

Industrialization increases opportunities for employment birth contol birth rates fall closing the gap with death rates and reducing the rate of population growth

birth and death rates have fallen to low stable levels population stablizes

raising crops or livestock for human use

a complex plant-supporting system consisting of disintegrated rock, organic matter, water gases, nutrients and microorganisms

all the work of farming done by human or animal power

irrigation, fertilizer, chemical pesticides

uniform planting of a single crop

intoduced new technology crop varieties and farming practices to the developing world

the base geological material in a particular location

the continuous mass of solid rock that makes up Earth's crust

physical, chemical, and biological processes that break down rocks and minerals, turning large paricles into smaller particles

the movement of soil from one area to another

each layer of soil

the cross-section as a whole from surface to bedrock

uppermost layer consisting mostly of organic matter litter layer

consists of inorganic mineral components such as weathered substrate with organic matter and gumus from above mixed in

A horizon-most nutrient for plants

the loss of some minerals and organic matter through leaching

the process where by solidparicles suspended or dissolved in liquid are transported to another location

subsoil-collects and accumulates minerals from above

consists of parent material unaltered or only slightly altered by the processes of soil formation

parent material

an even mixture of clay silt sand

rain striking the soil surface breaks aggregates into smaller sizes

overland flow, surface water flows downhill washing topsoil away in relatively uniform layers

water runs along small furrows on the surface of the topsoil

dramatic and visible changes in the landscape

loss of more than 10% productivity dur to erosion soil compaction forest removal over grazing drought salinization climate change depletion of water sources and otherfactors

soil-conservation practices

alternating the kind of crop grown in a particular field from one season or year

effectiveon gradually sloping land with crops that frown well in rows

planting different types of crops in alternating bands or other spatially mixed arragements

slopes into series of steps like a stare casecultivates hilly land withour losing huge amounts of soil to water erosion

rows of trees or other tall perenial plats that are planted along the edges of fields to slow the wind

artificial provision of water to support agriculture

soils too saturated with water

the buildup of salts in surface soil layers

synthetically manufactured mineral supplements

consist of natual materials

guarantiee of anadequate reliaable and available food supply to all peaple at all times

recieving less than 90% of their daily caloric needs

receiving too many calories each day

shortage of nutrients the body needs including a complete complement of viramins and minerals

desire for greater quantity and quality of food for the growing human population

poisons that target pest organisms

the enemy of ones enemy is ones friend

a naturally occurring soil bacteruim that produces a protein that kills many cater pillars ndthe larvae of some flies and beetles

numerous techniques are integrated to achieve longterm suppression of pests including biocontrol use of chemicals clost monitoring of populations

male sex cells of a plant fertilize female sex cells of a plant

process whereby scientists directly manipulate an organism's genetic material in the lab by adding deleing or changing segmments of its DNA

organisms that have been genetically engineered using a technique called recombinant DNA technology

is DNA that has been patch together from the DNA of multiple organisms

the creation of transgenic organisms

the idea that one should not undertake a new action until the ramifications of that action are well understood

institutions that preserve seed types as a kind of living museum of genetic diversity

concentrated animal feeding perations

aquatic organisms for food in controlled environments

agriculture that does not deplete soils faster that they form

the sum total of all organisms inan area taking into account the diversity of species their genes and their populations

disappearance of a particular population from a given area but not the entire world globally

most extinctions happened before the appearance of humans

the connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the reest of life

scientific discipline devoted to understanding diversity

forbids the bovernment and private citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats

so that individuals can be raised and reintroduced into the wild

a species found in only in one area of the world

is the practice of harvesting potentially renewable resources in ways that donot deplete them

aim is to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction possible without depleting the resource from one harves to the next

attempts to manage the harvesting of resources in ways that minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes that provide the resource

involves systematically testing different management approaches with the aim of improving methods as time goes on

professional who manage forests through forests

the clearing and loss of forests

trees that have sprouted and grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut

all tress in a given stand are planted at the same time

a stand of misec ages and species makes the stand more similar to a natural forest

the national forests were to be managed for recreation wildlife habitat mineral extraction and various other uses

that plans for renewable resource management be drawn up for every national forest

timber cuts that came closer to minicking natural disturbances

removal of dea trees or snags following a natural disturbance

an organization that examines the practice of timber companies

The BLM is the nation's single largest landowner

publicly held lands protected from resource extractraction and debelopment but open to nature appreciation and various forms of recreation

started by theodore roovsevelt protected land

allowed areas of existing federal lands to be designated as off-limits to development of any kind, but are open to public recreation such as hiking nature study and other activities that have minimal impact on the land

a loose confederation of individuals and groups that coalesced in the 1980 and 1990 in response to the increasing success of environmental advocacy

local or regional organizations that preserve lands valued by their members

are tracts of land with exceptional biodiversity that couple preservation with sustainable development to benefit local people

whether is it better to make afew larfe preserves or many small preserves

of protected land are important for allowing animals to travel between islands of protected habitat

smaller communities that ring cities

the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from an urban centers

planning the building or non building in a region

the professional pursuit that attempts to design cities so as to maximize their efficiency, functionality, and beauty

the practice of classifying areas for different types of developments and land use

communities to manage their growth in ways that maintain or improve quality of life for residents

this apporach seeks to design neighborhoods on a walkable scale with homes businesses schools and other amenities all close together for convenievence

hold that cities can be viewed explicitly as ecosystmes and that the fundamentals of ecosystem ecology and systems science apply to urban areas

unwanted material or substance that results from a human activity or process

non liquid waste that comes from homes institutions and small businessess

includes waste from production of consumer goods mining agriculture and petroleum extraction and refining

solik or liquid waste that is toxic chemically reactive flammable or corrosive

1)minimizing the amount of waste we generate
2)recovering waste materials and finding ways to recycle them
3)disposing of waste safely and effectively

the flow of waste as it moves from its sources toward disposal destinaltions

wast is buried in the ground or piled up in large carefully engineered mounds

specifiy how waste should be added to a landfill

liquid that results when substances from the trash dissolve in water as rainwater percolates downward

a controlled process in which mised garbage is burned at very high temperatures

facilities that use the heat produced by waste combustion to voil water creating steam that drives electricity gneration or that fuels heating systems

reducing the amount of material entering the waste stream avoids costs of disposal and recycling helps conserve resources minimized pollution and can othen save consumers and businesses money

conversion of organic waste into mulch or humus through natural biological processes of decomposition

collecting materials that can be broken down and reprocessed to manufacture new items

where workers and machines sort items using automated processes including magnetic pulleys optical senors water currents and air classifiers that separate items by weight and size.

seekds to redesign industrial systems to reduce resource inputs and to minimize physical einefficiency while maximizing economic efficiency

examine the life cycle of a given product and make its life more efficienct

a waste that meets one of these 4 criteria: ignitablility, Corrosivity, Reactivity, Toxicity

a method for storing liquid hazardous waste or waste in dissolved form is in ponds

a well is drilled deep beneath the water table reaching into porous rock

a federal program to clean up us sites polluted with hazardous waste from past activities