Minoan and Mycenean Times

1100-800

800-500

500-323

323-146

146-

753-510

510 until the second half of the first century BCE

-Julius Caesar appointed perpetual dictator in 44 BCE

-Octavian wins the battle of Actium in 31 BCE

-the Senate proclaims Octavian "Augustus" in 27 BCE

2nd half of 1st century bce through the fifth century CE

-Polybius (203 - 120 BCE)The Histories Book VI

-Cicero (106 BCE-43BCE)De officiis

-Seneca (4 BCE-65AD)de Clementia

Moral strength is not virtue: it is having a rational part that controls the emotions thru sheer force, but the emotions still put up a fight.

-Vice is simply a maladjusted emotion which the rational part does not correct (because it is mistaken about what is right or is not functioning highly enough to realize what is right).
-Moral weakness occurs when the rational part knows what is right but does not correct, because it is too weak to counter the irrational emotion.

* Moral weakness can be reduced to excessive love of pleasures of sex, drink, and food.
* Hutchinson, probably correctly, thinks that A should have said that irascibility is a form of moral weakness that cannot be reduced to the above.
* In cases of moral weakness, A thought that the second premise of the practical syllogism is unsound: one knows that in general one should not have sex with an X, but one somehow refuses/cannot recognize THIS person as an X. That's hard to believe: did I not know Pat was married? How could that be? Perhaps our emotion, raging desire, obliterates all thought about whether or not Pat is married and renders me unable to think about it at the time.