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An induced form of protective immunity that confers specificity and memory

Foundation of vaccine development.
Adaptive Immunity

Also called Acquired or Specific Immunity
What two factors make adaptive immunity powerful and efficient?
Specificity and memory
What is the adaptive immunity induced by?
1. antigen
2. calling signal from innate system
What are the two criteria from adaptive immunity?
1. self vs. non-self
2. threat vs. no-threat

For T cells, APC brings antigen.
For B cells, naive cells bring antigen.

Antigen recognized by lymphocytes.
one lymphocyte carries one and only antigen specificity
Cloning selection
A mechanism specific for adaptive immunity

Helps to control rapidly proliferating microbe in a timely fashion

Generates a clone of antigen-specific lymphocytes
Cloning expansion
When clones are made, what can they ultimately become?
Memory cells
Effector cells
What are the phases of adaptive immunity?
1. antigen recognition
2. lymphocyte activation
3. effector phase
4. decline (homeostasis)
5. Memory
Apoptosis
Also called Programmed Cell Death

A protective mechanism encoded intrinsically to induce cell death without causing damages to neighboring cells and tissues

Immune cells use it to decrease the population of activated lymphocytes during recovery phase (homeostasis)

The process is initiated by apoptotic proteins, which mediate signal transduction to orchestra degradation of cell structure

Debris of degraded cell structure is taken up by monocytes and macrophages

Lack of apoptosis is one mechanism leading to immunological disease such as leukemia or lymphoma
Primary vs. Secondary response

1. Ag exposure
2. Speed
3. Immunity change
4. Memory
1. Primary: first
Secondary: not first

2. Primary: Slow 7-10 days
Secondary: Fast 1-3 days

3. Primary: most IgM, some IgG
Secondary: most IgG with immunity

4. Primary: No
Secondary: Yes
Secondary:
Memory cells
Memory cells act faster than naïve cells due to their activation by the presence of antigen but the absence of second signal

Memory clones have a long life-span, sometimes as long as life-time

Memory feature of adaptive immunity is the foundation for vaccine utilization
What type of antigens do T or B cells recognize?
T cells recognize peptides only, TCR

B cells recognize everything, intact or digested carbs, sugars, nucleic acids, etc.; BCR
MHC major histocompatibility complex
APC presents peptides (epitopes) on MHC. This will attract T cells
What are the 3 types of APC
1. Dendritic cells
2. Macrophage
3. B cells
What are the 3 types of dendritic cells?
1. Langerhans-under skin
2. Follicular
3. Thymic
What are the two types of MHC cells?
MHC I: found on all nucleated cells

MHC II: in APC only
APC
Express both MHC
Express costimulator – stimulator that T cells needed to become activated to respond to the pathogens.
What are the 2 types of T cells?
CD4 and CD8

CD4 cells work with macrophages and secrete cytokines.
What is the major cytokine producer for innate and adaptive?
innate: macrophage

adaptive: CD4 T cells
What type of T cells are Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL)?
CD8+
Overview of adaptive immunity
Adaptive Immunity is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, involving APC and cytokines

B cell functions by producing antibody

T helper cell functions by
secreting cytokines

CTL functions by inducing cytolysis of target cells
What are the lymphocyte stages?
1. Naive
2. Effector
3. Memory

Not all lymphocytes go through all of the stages.

Each subset has its own marker
PALS contain what type of lymphocyte?
T cells
Marginal zone and germinal centers contain what type of lymphcyte?
B cells
In the lymph node, the naive lymphocyte enters from where?
artery
Where does the T cells enter the lymph node from?
HEV
Where does the antigen enter the lymph node from?
afferent lymphatic vessel
Where do activated lymphocytes exit the lymph node from?
efferent lymphatic
molecules facilitating migration

Ex: selectins or integrins
Adhesions
lymphocyte migrate to site of infection from draining node
Homing
expressed on lymphocytes,
Homing molecule
expressed at infection site
Addressin
Adaptive Immunity employs two arms?
1. humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity
Humoral immune response
B cell producing antibody after activation
Cell-mediated immune response:
T cell, either producing cytokines to amplify immune response magnitude, or conducting cytolysis to target cells
What does the lymph node do?
Lymph node is where naïve B and T meet antigens, become activated and differentiate to effector to either producing antibody and cytokine or conferring cytolysis