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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 regions of stomach (in respect to secretory function)
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exocrine and endocrine portion
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what makes up the exocrine portion of the stomach?
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fundus and the body
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where is endocrine portion of the stomach?
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antrum
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name 3 exocrine secretions
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pepsin, intrinsic factor, hcl
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wht is assosiated with the endocrine portion?
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Gastrin
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name 2 types of the gastric mucosa
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glandular and nonglandular
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another name for non glandular mucosa
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stratified squamous mucosa
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what is the glandular mucosa responsible for?
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a variety of secretions, including hormones
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name the 3 diff types of mucosa that make up the glandular mucosa
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cardiac, proper gastric, pyloric
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wht mucosa makes up a majority of the stomach?
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proper gastric mucosa
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wht animal has a similar stomach to a humans?
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dogs
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wht diet have dogs adapted to?
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an omnivore diet.they have a stomach that can accept diff types of feedings
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wht animal has a similar mucosa to that of a horse?
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rat
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wht is the entire stomach lined with?
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surface epithelium
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wht epithelium is in the glandular region?
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simple columar cell epithelium
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wht epithelium is doung in the non glandular somach region?
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stratified squamous
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where are glands of glandular mucosea found>
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in the lamina propria region of the mucosa lining the gastric pits
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the lamina propria is found under the surface epithelium and contains which 4 types of glands?
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gastric, cardiac, pyloric, intermediate
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where are parietal and chief cells located?
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proper gastric area/ gastric gland
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where is the highest concentration of mast cells?
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in proper gastric- although they are located everywhere along the stomach wall
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name the 2 major endocrine cells of the antral mucosa
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somatostatin and gastrin
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which cells do somatostatin and gastrin contain
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somato: d cells
gastrin: g cells |
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wht do D cells regulate and how?
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they regulate the g cells via a paracrine mechanism
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what does paracrine mean?
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cell to cell communication in close proximity
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another name for vagal shock
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vasovagal syncope
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what accumulates in the storage part of the stomach?
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a semisolid mass or bolus
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where is chyme located?
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in the active pyloric region
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where does mixing of food with secretions occur?
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in the lumen of the antrum
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what is chyme
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a suspension of food in gastric juice
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wht are the principle constituents of gastric juice
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hcl and pepsin
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wht are non parietal secretions a source of?
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na+ and hc3o-
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what do non parietal secretions contail
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cl- and mucin
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wht are the 2 phases involved with control of secretion
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cephalic and gastric
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describe the cephalic phase
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sight/smell/taste of food communicates with vagus system. then into efferent pathway.there is inhibition of g cell seccretion inhibitor =. and stimulation of inhibitory enteric neurons
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when is cephalic phase over?
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when food is swallowed
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define the gastric phase
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secretion of hcl and now pepsinogen continues
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4 things gastric phase is caused by
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distension
free aa and peptides other chem stimuli histamine |
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when is the proteolytic enzyme active? in regards to ph
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only at highlt acidic (like 2) if pH is 6- no more activity
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how is pepsin secreted?
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secreted by chief cells as inactive zymogen called pepsinogen
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name 3 places where there is some peptic acivity
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whole stomach, pylorus, upper duodenum
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wht is mucus secretion stimulated by?
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prostaglandins
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wht is mucus sectetion inhibited by?
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atropine
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name 3 essential functions of bile
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fat digestion and absorption
excretory route for some drugs buffer for h+ neutralization in the duod |
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wht is the purpose of the common hepatic duct
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allows liver to secrete bile salts
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purpose of the gall bladder
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bile reservoir.
stores secretions |
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where does the cystic duct go to?
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the gallbladder
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what does the common bile duct join?
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the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct
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wht does CCK directly stimulate?
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contraction of gallbladder
relaxation of sphincter of oddi |
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what does cck indirectly stimulate?
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contraction of gallbladder via signaling of vagal nucleis
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wht should u be careful of if u dont have a gbladder?
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how much fat is consumed. because you have lost bile storage capacity
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name animals without a gbladder
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horse, elephant, pigeon, okapi, camels.
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if an animal doesnt have a gall bladder, what happens to bile?
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continuous flow of bile into intestine
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wht animals have a gallbladder but also have a sphincter of oddi that is non functional
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pigs and some ruminants. therefore, continuous secretion and flow of bile into intestine
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describe flow of bile in dogs and cats
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no continuous flow because there is a strong sphincter which is closed btwn meals. they only eat once or 2x a day so no need for continuous flow
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in species with gall bladder- what happens during fasting?
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bile secretions at specific time intervals to prevent gallbladder rupture
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cholesterol in liver is convverted to what primary bile acids?
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cholic acid
chenodeoxycholic acid |
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wht do cats require?
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taurine
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wht happens to 10% of bile salts?
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transformed by microorgs in colon and excreted
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wht happens to 25% of bile salts?
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modified by microorgs in colon. absorbed and transported in blood to liver
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wt happens to the majority of bile salts
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go back to the liver
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wht causes water to move from hepatocytes into the bile canaliculi
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osmotic gradient created bu the active secretion of bile acids
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wht is bicarbonate an important component of and what does it help to neutralize?
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component of bile secretion
helps neutralize pH of stomach acid |
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wht is bilirubin?
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a bile pigment and end product of hemoglobin catabolism in bone marrow
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characteristic of liver failure
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yellowish skin
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sign of difficulty metabolizing bilirubin
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yellow feces
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positively charged aas
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lysine
histidine arginine |
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neg charged aas
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aspartic acid
glutamic acid |
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3 classes of proteins
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globular
fibrous membrane |
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true or false. not all hormones are proteins
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truemammary tissue
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describe native state of a protein
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the shape into which it naturally folds
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