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28 Cards in this Set

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what is the site of gastrulation?
primitive streak and primitive node
the cells of the epiblast ingress through the __ to become __ and __. The remaining epiblast cells become the __
the cells of the epiblast ingress through the PRIMITIVE STREAK to become ENDODERM and MESODERM. The remaining epiblast cells become the ECTODERM.
What are the 3 divisions of the mesoderm?
paraxial
intermediate
lateral plate
the paraxial mesoderm forms epithelial __
somites
Each somite divides into __ and __. The latter further divides into __ and __
Each somite divides into SCLEROTOME and DERMOMYOTOME. The latter further divides into DERMOTOME and MYOTOME.
What is derived from the sclerotome (from the somite)?
bone, cartilage, and other CT
what is derived from the dermotome and myotome?
dermotome = dermis
myotome = skeletal muscle
the lateral plate mesoderm is divided by the __ into the inner __ and the outer __
the lateral plate mesoderm is divided by the COELOM into the inner SPLANCHNIC (VISCERAL) LAYER and the outer SOMATIC (PARIETAL) LAYER.
What is derived from the splanchnic (visceral) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm?
visceral serous membranes
smooth muscle and CT of gut
What is derived from the somatic (parietal) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm?
limb skeleton and sternum
cells that surround the neural tube form the __ while cells that surround the notochord form the __
cells that surround the neural tube form the VERTEBRAL (NEURAL) ARCH while cells that surround the notochord form the VERTEBRAL BODY
What marks the segments of the body (along the axial skeleton)?
myotomes and spinal nerves
Quick! What forms the sternum?
bilateral edges of the SOMATIC LPM
Quick! What forms the vertebrae and ribs?
sclerotomes
myotomal cells that migrate dorsally form the __ and ventrally to form the __
myotomal cells that migrate dorsally form the EPIMERE and ventrally to form the HYPOMERE
The epimere cells become the __ muscles and are all innervated by __ of spinal nerves
The epimere cells become the EPAXIAL (INTRINSIC BACK) muscles and are all innervated by DORSAL RAMI of spinal nerves
The hypomere cells become the __ muscles and are all innervated by __ of spinal nerves
The hypomere cells become the HYPAXIAL ( & LIMB) muscles and are all innervated by VENTRAL RAMI of spinal nerves
The upper limb bud forms as an outgrowth of the __
somatic layer of the LPM
The forelimb bud forms in assoc w/ the ventral rami from what levels?
C5-T1 (Brachial plexus!!)
The hindlimb bud forms in assoc w/ the ventral rami from what levels?
L2-S2 (Lumbosacral plexus!!)
What specifies the cranio-caudal axis of the body, including determining where the limbs form?
Hox (Homeobox) genes
New cells are added to the __ end of the limb bud under the influence of the __ which produces __
New cells are added to the DISTAL end of the limb bud under the influence of the AER which produces FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS
What is the sub-ridge mesenchyme?
a population of LPM cells beneath the AER that are highly proliferative
what determines the morphological charactieristics of each region of the limb?
a specific combination of Hox genes
What imparts identity to the digits?
Zone of Polarizing Activity (ZPA)
Derivatives of the dorsal mass are __ and __.
extensors and abductors
derivatives of the ventral mass are __ and __
flexors and adductors
Quick! What forms the appendicular musculature?
hypomere of myotome