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32 Cards in this Set
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Measuring muscle tone
how is a muscle contraction measured? |
A muscle contraction can be measured by the force it generates
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Measuring muscle tone
how does muscle tone reveal itself? |
Muscle tone reveals itself through stiffness or slackness of muscle
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Measuring muscle tone
usually qualitative or quantitative? |
Usually measured in quality
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Measuring muscle tone
where does the difficulty lie in measuring muscle tone? |
The difficulty lies in the perpetually changing nature of muscle tone in respect to time and segment position
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Muscle Tone
definition? |
Can be defined as muscle tension at rest – it is the background noise, the passive resistance response to movement
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Muscle Tone
components include...? |
Components include:
Neurally activated fibers (UMN lesion) The passive tension inherent in the connective tissue (CP) |
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Definitions
FLACCIDITY HYPOTONICITY |
– zero resistance to PROM (total paralysis)
– decreased tone (downs syndrome, polio |
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Definitions
Hypertonic conditions... SPASTICITY RIGIDITY |
– velocity dependent resistance to stretch
– non velocity dependent |
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Definitions
CLONUS |
rhythmic oscillations in response to a quick stretch usually to the plantar flexors or the wrist flexors
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Definitions
CLASP KNIFE RESPONSE |
– initial resistance followed by a sudden release in response to a quick stretch.
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Dyskinesia
general definition |
Abnormal movement that is involuntary and has no purpose
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Dyskinesia, types...
CHOREA BALLISMUS |
– dance like, sharp, jerky
- large throwing type movement |
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Dyskinesia, types...
TREMOR ATHETOID DYSTONIA |
– low amplitude, high frequency
– worm like, writhing – involuntary, sustained (torticollis) |
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How to Measure Ms. Tone
how must it be measured? |
Must be measured when there is no active contraction or resistance to muscle stretch
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How to Measure Ms. Tone
to quantify? to qualify? |
Quantify: sEmg
Qualify: 5 point ordinal scale: 0, 1+, 2+,3+,4+ 2+ is normal, 0 flaccid Also used to grade reflexes |
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Extensibility
what does increasing circulation do to a muscle unit? |
increases accessibility to ATP (adenosine triphosphate) by myosin and actin ( the contractile units of the muscle)
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Extensibility
role of ATP |
ATP provides the energy to breakdown the cross bridges that bind the actin and myosin together allowing lengthening of the contractile unit.
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Neural Transmission
what is being picked up by dendrites? |
You have excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters being picked up by the dendrites
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Neural Transmission
what happens when excitatory stimulation reaches a threshold? |
Once the excitatory stimulation reaches a threshold, and action potential is sent down the axon to the synaptic boutons
They release neurotransmitters that transmit down the nerve fibers. |
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Neural Transmission
how fast can transmissions be? what happens to transmission with every degree in celsius of cooling? |
Transmission can be as fast as 70-80 meters/sec
Transmission can slow 2 meters/sec for every degree Celsius of cooling |
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Alpha Motor Neuron
what is dependent on these neurons? |
Ms. Tone and Ms. Contraction are dependent on the AMN. (SCI)
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Alpha Motor Neuron
where located? |
Located in the anterior horn of the spinal cord
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Alpha Motor Neuron
can they innervate more than one muscle? |
Each anterior nerve root innervates multiple muscles (6-200)
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Alpha Motor Neuron
what kind of info does each send back? MUSCLE SPINDLE GOLGI TENDON ORGAN |
– quick stretch
– sustained stretch |
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Alpha Motor Neuron
what can cutaneous receptors do? |
Cutaneous receptors alter tone and physical agents can have an effect. ( thermal, STM)
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Low Muscle Tone
POLIO GUILLAIN BARRE |
– process of degeneration affecting cell bodies as far back as the AMN
– Attacks the Schwann cells so axons become demyelinated. |
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Low Muscle Tone
after compression or cutting how fast can nerves regenerate? |
– regenerate 1 mm/day or 1 inch/month
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Consequences of low ms tone
3 main points |
Poor posture
Ligament laxity Flaccidity |
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Consequences of low ms tone
rehab goals? |
facilitate the alpha motor neurons that are available to fire (aquatics)
Keep ms viable while axon regenerates (quick stretch, ROM) |
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Consequences of low ms tone
additional treatment interventions... |
More Treatment Interventions (see p.99)
Biofeedback Tapping Orthotics / postural devices / bracing |
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Consequences of high ms tone
6 main points |
Possible loss of functional voluntary movement
Painful muscle spasms Contracture Abnormal posture Caregiver difficulties / skin breakdown Stereotypical movement patterns |
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Consequences of high ms tone
interventions... |
Intervention complete list p. 102
Associated with pain, cold or stress Associated with spinal cord injury Associated with CVA Associated with rigidity/ loss of ROM |
