MUSIC

-produced by a vibrating object

the highness or lowness of a sound, described by frequency (the number of vibrations per second, measured in Hertz)

sounds without a distinct pitch

perceivable pitch and a measurable frequency

indicates a musical sound's pitch & duration

the volume or loudness as measured in decibels

located in Los Angeles, designed by Frank Gehry, noted for its superb acoustics

the line, or tune, in music

in contour (how it moves up and down) and range (span of pitches)

the distance between any 2 notes

moves in small, connected intervals

moves by leaps

the units that make up a melody

the endings of phrases

a secondary melody that accompanies a melody

well-known hymn, its 4 phrases are of equal length and rhyme scheme is a-b-a-b
the first 3 cadences are inconclusive, but the last cadence, at the end of the fourth phrase, has a final downward motion that gives the listener a sense of closure

the high point in a melodic line which usually represents a peack in intensity as well as in range

the movement of music in time

beats that are stronger than others noticably

rhythmic pulses

the organizing patterns of rhythmic pulses / meters

regular vertical lines through the staff written in music

the first accented beat of each pattern, refers to the downward stroke of a conductor's hand

the most basic pattern of downbeats, alternates a strong downbeat with a weak beat: ONE-two, ONE-two, ONE-two, ONE-two, etc.

another basic pattern of meters, has three beats to a measure- one strong and two weak, usually associated with dances such as the waltz and the minuet

contains four beats to the measure, with a primary accent on the first beat and a secondary accent on the third. Quadruple meter has a broader feeling than duple meter.

meters in which the beat has double subdivisions

meters in which theh beat has three subdivisions

the most common compound meter, which has six beats to the measure, with accents on beats one and four. Marked by a gently flowing effect, this pattern is often found in lullabies and nursery rhymes.

the last beast of the measure, which some pieces begin on such as Greensleeves & the Frost poem

a deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of accentuation, devised by composers to keep the recurrent accent from becoming monotonous

when the accent is shifted to the weak beat instead of falling on the strong beat of the measure like its supposed to. composesers devised it to keep the recurrent accent from becoming monotonous

another way of keeping the meter from becoming monotonous, the simultaneous use of rhythmic patterns that conflict with the underlying beat, such as "two against three" or "three against four," means "many rhythms," occurs frequently in the music of many African cultures as well as in jazz and rock.

grouping of irregular numbers of beats that add up to a larger overall pattern. For example, a rhythmic pattern of fourteen beats common in the music of India divides into groupings of 2 + 4 + 4+ 4

chordophones, sounded by bowing and plucking

violin, viola, cello, and double bass

harp and guitar

aerophones, include the flute, oboe, clarinet, basoon, and saxophone

aerophones, include the trumpet, french horn, trombone and tuba

idiophones (xylophone, cymbals, triangle), and membranophones (timpani, bass drum), pitched instruments (chimes), unpitched instruments (tambourine)

piano and organ, do not fit neatly into the Western classification system

plucked

throbbing effect achieved by a rapid wrist and finger movement on the string that slightly alters the pitch.

a finger of the left hand slides along the string while the right hand draws the bow, thereby sounding all the pitches under the left-hand finger, in one swooping sound

the rapid repetition of a tone through a quick up and down movement of the bow, associated with suspsense and excitement

playing two strings at once

playing 3 strings at once

playing 4 strings at once

a small attachment that fits over the bridge of a string instrument, muffling the sound

crystalline tones in a very high register that are produced by lightly touching the string at certain points while the bow is drawn across the string

one of the oldest musical instruments, with a home in many cultures outside Europe. Its plucked strings, whose pitches are changed by means of pedals, produce an ethereal tone

an old instrument dating back to at least the Middle Ages that probably originated in the Middle East

made of wood and has a fretted fingerboard and six nylon strings, which are plucked with the fingers of the right hand or with a pick

an electronically amplified instruent capable of many specialized techniques, comes in two main types: the hollow-bodied (or electro-acoustic), favored by jazz and popular musicians, and the solid-bodied, used more by rock musicians

string instruments that are related to the guitar

aerophones, produce sound with a column of air vibrating within a pipe that has fingerholes along its length

soprano voice of the woodwind family, cool and velvety in the expressive low register, and often brilliant in the upper part of its range

"little flute" is actually the highest pitched sound in the orchestra, can be heard above the orchestra playing fortissimo!

continues to be made of wood. the player blows directly into a double reed, which consists of two thin strips of cane bound together with a narrow passage for air, often described as nasal and reedy, sounds the tuning note for the other instruments of the orchestra

an alto oboe. its wooden tube is wider and lower than that of the oboe and ends in a pear-shaped opening called a bell, which largely accounts for its soft, expressive timber

has a single-reed, a small thin piece of cane fastend against its chisel-shaped mouthpiece. the instrument possesses a smooth, liquid tone as well as a remarkably wide range in pitch and volume and has an easy command of rapid scales

one octave lower in range than the clarinet, has a rich dark tone and a wide dynamic range

another double-reed instrument, possesses a tone that is weighty in the low register and redy and instense in the upper; capable of hollow sounding staccato and wide leaps that can sound humorous

produces the lowest tone of the woodwinds

invented by Belgian Adolphe Sax in 1840, combines the features of several other instruments-- the single reed of the clarinet along with a conical bore and the metal body of the brass instruments