Music Law

particularly in contracts, what a prudent person would believe and act upon if told something by another. Typically, a person is promised a profit or other benefit, and in reliance takes steps in reliance on the promise, only to find the statements or promises were not true or exaggerated. The one who relied can recover damages for the costs of his/her actions or demand performance if the reliance was "reasonable."

The doctrine of commercial impracticability has three elements:

(1) Something unexpected must have occurred;

(2) The risk of the occurrence must not be assigned by the contract or by custom; and

(3) The unexpected occurrence must have rendered performance commercially impracticable.

Duress or coercion (as a term of jurisprudence) is a possible legal defense, one of four of the most important justification defenses[1], by which defendants argue that they should not be held liable because the actions that broke the law were only performed out of an immediate fear of injury.

They did a certain action because they were threatened into it

In criminal law, fraud is the crime or offense of deliberately deceiving another in order to damage them – usually, to obtain property or services unjustly

A seller's taking advantage of a buyer due to their unequal bargaining positions, perhaps because of the buyer's recent trauma, physical infirmity, ignorance, inability to read or inability to understand the language.

is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person. It is where free will to bargain is not possible.

transfers of copyrights or exclusive licenses of copyright must be in writing to be enforceable under the copyright law

is one of a number of uniform acts that have been promulgated in conjunction with efforts to harmonize the law of sales and other commercial transactions in all 50 states within the United States of America.

a contract does not have to be in writing to be enforceable unless: real estate or performance more than 1 year

based on product

exclusive contract to render personal services
-allows artist escape after 7 years

generally all in ( covers costs , producer advances and 3rd party payments

floor is bottom cost of advance and ceiling is maximum potential. Subsequent funds for future advances based on these

artist makes 6,000 year 1
12,000 year 2
15,000 year 3-7 and so forth

helps big companies hurt little guys

pay 10% amount that would have been owed had statute been complied with (penalty if not in contract)

not mentally ill
not a minor
not intoxicated at time of contract signing
contract is voidable by an incapable person

• Allows signal to be routed into and out
of equipment
• Centralized I/O access

shield

hot

cold

Top jack is connected to the break/input jack
on the bottom jack.
Jack plugged into the top does not break
connection
Jack plugged into the bottom does break
internal connection.

Top break jack is connected to the break
jack on the bottom jack.
Jack plugged into the top or bottom break
internal connection.

– Connection from tip to tip, and ring to ring
internal connection cannot be broken by
inserting a plug.
– Normally wired as side to side jacks.


Used for multi connections

channel
monitor

main path

secondary path

Can be the stereo mix, but this stops the
engineer from listening to anything but the
mix.

use aux sends

mic in console that lets
you be heard on the Cue Send.

Setting the levels to get the best signal
transfer through a console.
• Always start with the stereo bus, channel,
and monitor faders set to 0dB also called
Unity Gain.

Signal path is all analog, but the pots and
faders are computer controlled.
Better automation than analog
Can have cleaner shorter signal path for audio

Signal must be digitized
Computing power determines amount of
signal processing.

Audio is made up a finite number or
frequencies that stop at a given frequency.

A band limited signal can be completely
represented by a series of discrete
samples taken at a frequency greater
than twice the highest frequency in the
signal.

S

greater than 40Hz

In theory there is no frequency distortion of
higher frequencies.

- difficult to band limit the input
signal right at the Nyquest Frequency

high Nyquest
Frequency cutoff

The samples must be taken at evenly
spaced intervals determined by the
sampling rate.

means samples must be taken
every 22.68μsec (0.00002267sec).

Errors in word clock timing are called
sample clock jitter

If the timing error is random, then the effect is
noise added to the signal

If the timing error has a frequency
component, like a tone or 60Hz, then the
sample clock jitter will add frequencies to the
signal. Causing a frequency distortion.

both

Quantizer breaks up the Max and Min level
into quantization intervals, and assigns each
interval a value or code.

code in binary in digital

The number of quantization intervals is
determined by the number of bits used in the
code.

Number of bits used to code each sample is
called the sample word length

Max level in digital audio is 0dBFS

Clipping starts at 0dBFS

The noise floor in digital is the rounding error
from the samples actual amplitude to the
nearest quantizing interval. Called
Quantization error.

Each bit added increases the dynamic range by 6dB

144 db

96 db

120 db

no

Makes the error large, more noise

Low level random noise added to the signal
before sampling to stop quantization
distortion.

the effect the
quantization error has on the sample

Noise Shaping is controlling the frequency
spectrum of the dither by shifting energy to
higher frequencies.

When 2 or more consecutive
samples are recorded at 0dBFs.

increases the digital signal so the
loudest sample is brought up to 0dBFS