Mycology Exam 1

Food, Alcohol, Citric Acid, Penicillin, Industrial processing, Agriculture, Hallucinogens.

Hyphae, spores, Thallus, sporocarp, Cell Walls

Get nutrients by Absorption, and reproduce by Spores.

Chromista including (Oomycota), and Protists

Morphology, Biochemistry, Spore reproduction, Absorptive, Heterotrophic nutrition.

97330 in Dictionary… 65k Asco… 31k Basidio… 1k Zygo… 700 Chytrid… 100 Blastocladio and Glomero

1.5 Million… 712k minimum (Mueller 2006)

Yes, Valsonectria simpsonii… Vladracula annuliformis…

One tinsel and one whip flagella… Mostly diploid life cycle… Cellulose B-glucan walls… Mycolaminarins vs glycogen… Tubular cristae… Golgi with multiple Cisternae… Lysine synthesis and DAP pathway like plants.

460Mya is oldest fossil… (Ordovician 455Mya glomeromycetes),,, (Silurian 420Mya ascomycetes)

630 Mya for zygomycetes and chytrids… 600 Mya for Glomero… 500Mya Asco / Basidio… 320Mya for Everything else

Everything plants need + Carbon source

Chitin (1-4 n-acetyal glucosamine) and B-glucans (Beta 1-3 or 1-4 glucose or cellulose polymers)

Secreted enzymes that break down substrate so fungi can absorb it?

cellobiohydrolase… glucanohydrolase + endoglucanase… cellobiase

(White rot fungi)… Phenol-oxidases… Oxidative attack makes free radicals… (Manganese peroxidase, Glyoxal oxidase, Laccase)

Armillaria, Heterobasidion, Phellinus….. white (cellulases and lignases)… brown (cellulases only)

Associated with growing hyphal tips.

Microvesicles transporting chitin synthases to growing cell wall.

The septal pore has a cap or parenthosomes. (complex and unique to basidiomycota)

A organelle that is associated with basidiomycota dolipore septa. (Septal pore cap)

Septate Mycelium, clamp connections, complex dolipore septa, dikaryotic haploid mycelium, sexual spores on basidium, complex sporocarps.

Agaricomycotina (Homobasidiomycetes)… Ustilaginomycotina (Ustilaginomycetes)… Pucciniomycotina (Urediniomycetes)

they arent.. At least I don’t think. =/

Hymenomycetes have a holobasidia and hymenium that remains intact during sporulation and is exposed (gills, pores, discharge ballistospores etc.) … Gasteromycetes don’t have showing hymenium at basidiospore release (closed basidiospores with passive discharge)

Basidium not divided by septa. (i.e. all sterigmata merge into same cell body) … Opposed to Phragmos-basidium

Basidium divided by one or more septa. (i.e. spores or sterigmata each lead to a different cell)… opposed to Holobasidium.

Yes… If you see spores not separated by septa they are holobasidium in the Agaricomycetes subphyla … However having septa doesn’t disqualify something from being an Agaricomycete.

Tissue layer that contains the reproductive cells (basidia), and supporting sterile cells.

A basidiocarp with a Hymenium

All nuclei are identical, there may be multiple nuclei per hyphal compartment tho.

(Asco / Basidio) 2 Different compatible haploid nuclear types pair and divine synchronously.

Compatability at A only results in Barrage…. If B is compatable then reaction is Flat.

Unifactorial has only 1 mating locus and requires 2 unique alleles for mating… Bifactorial has 2 unlinked mating loci on different chromosomes and requires 4 different alleles for mating compatability. (75% are bifactorial)

25% Homo can self fertalize, 75% hetero is obligate outcrossing, 2nd-ary Basidiospores are binucleate (one nucleus of each mating type) and germinating spores are already dikaryotic.

Mating comptability. (A = nuclear pairing, Initiation of clamp, Separation of Clamp) (B = Septal breakdown, Nuclear Migration)

Direction of growth, and 2 different nuclei per cell. Distal cell go backwards to merge with proximal cell.

Mating incompatibility is in monokaryons… Somatic incompatability functions in dikaryophase.

Incompatible reactions result in cell death to prevent mixing of genetic material.

Wrote poems about science.

Zygo, Glomero, Chytridio, Basidio, Asco.

Intranuclear, centric, noncentric.

Septate, and Complex Sporocarps.

Aseptate, Lack meiosis?

Aseptate normally, Zygosporangium, (Dimargaritales, Entomophthorales, Mucorales, Zoopagales, Endogonales, Trichomycetes, Harpellales, Kickxellales)

Aseptate hyphae, zoospore (chytridales, Monoblepharidales, Spizellomycetales, Neocallimastigales)

Blastocladiales

Fungi is a monophyletic Kingdom… fungi is a polyphyletic group including Chromista (Stramenopila) and Protists (Protoctists)

Cleaves END of cellulose polymer.

Cleave internal bonds of cellulose

Hydrolyses cellobiose to glucose monomers.

Cellobiohydrolase… EXOglucanase

Cellobiohydrolase and ENDOglucanase.

Cellobiase

White rot, Phellinus weirii… Waldo Lake…Douglas fir laminated root rot west of cascades… Western redcedar butt rot in Idaho… Stays alive thousands of years in roots after forest fires.

Having Meiospores called basidiospores that are formed on specialized cells, basidia (the site of meiosis)

Muchrooms, Polypores, Jelly Fungi, Corals, Chanterelles, Crusts, Puffballs, Stinkhorns.

Smuts, Exobasidium, Malessezia

Rusts, Septobasidium (insect parasites).

Cup-Shamed, dull white peridioles, funiculus.

A spherical spore that is ejected from cup shaped basidia.

It's a cup shaped Cannon-ball fungus with one peridiole that is launched when the osmolarity of the endoperidium causes it to invert and project the peridiole out.

They passively discharge spores when water hits them on their continuous. peridium.

Primary (monokaryon)… Secondary (dikaryon) with clamp connections … Tertiary, organized specialized tussues that make up the basidiocarp.

Fusion of branches of the same or different hyphae?

Most heterothallic… 25% of heterothallic are unifactorial… 75% are Bifactorial. With A and B loci.

Dikaryon formation occurs in single, self-compatible thallus. (25% of basidiomycetes)

Requires 2 different unique compatible thalli… 75% of all basidiomycetes.

Basidiospores are Bi-Nucleate… One nucleus of each mating type… Germinating spores are already dikaryotic.

MAT locus consists of a few to several tightly linked genes (2+)

One locus or factor (A).. Requires 2 unlike alleles for mating compatability (25% of heterothallic species)

Two UNLINKED loci on different chromosomes (A and B)… Requires 4 alleles for mating (75% of heterothallic species)

They can have tons of different mating alleles per loci.. (A is locus,,, with alleles 1, 2, 3, 4 etc)

A1 x A2 (karyogamy) ---> A1A2 (meiosis) ---> A1 + A2 (spores)

A1B1 x A2B2 (karyogamy) ---> A1B1A2B2 (meiosis & reassortment) ---> A1B1, A2B2, A1B2, A2B1 possibilities.

NO clamps… Flat

YES clamps,,, BUT no nuclei migration… Barrage

Nuclear pairing… Clamp Initiation… Clamp Separation…

Closely linked subloci with multiple alleles. A different at either alpha OR beta results in successful mating compatability.

Septal Breakdown… Nuclear Migration… Pheromone and receptor recognition…

Closely linked subloci with multiple alleles. A different at either alpha OR beta results in successful mating compatability.

Agaricus bisporus (supermarket mushroom)… Spore contains 2 haploid nuclei with compatible mating type alleles… (spore has A1 AND A2 already)… Spore then germinated directly into a dikaryon.

Basidiomycota is the phylum characterized by having meiospores called basidiospores that are formed on a basidium… basidiomycetes is a common name for the phylum but is not taxonomic.

Agaricales, Boletales, Russulales, Cantharellales (mushrooms) … Gomphales, Phallales (coral, club, stinkhorn) … Hymenochaetales, Polyporales (polypores) … Auriculariales, Dacrymycetales Tremellales (Jelli Fungi) … Geastrales (earth star)

Ustilaginomycetes (smuts and plant pathogents) … Exobasidiomycetes ---> Exobasidium (plant pathogens) … Malessezia (mammalian skin yeast)

Pucciniomycetes, Pucciniales/ Uredinales (rusts and pathogens) … Septobasidiales (crusts and insect parasites) … Microbotryomycetes (Plant pathogens)

Agarico have a dolipore septum… Ustilaginio have a smut or "simple" dolipore septum with no cap… Puccinio have a simple septum with no cap but occlusions to the pore.

Agaricomycotina does not have teliospores… Ustilaginiomycotina and Pucciniomycotina do.

Both have dolipore septa… Hymenobasidiomycetidae have a perforated OR nonperforated cap while Tremellomycetidae have nonperforated OR no cap.

Basidioles resemble basidia but have not produced spores … Cystidia are larger and unique but not understood… Hyphidia have a modified terminal hyphae.

Agaricales, Boletales, Cantharellales, Phallales, Polyporales, Russulales, Thelephorales.

Augiculariales, Ceratobasidiales, Dacrymecetales, Filobasidiales, Tremellales, Tulasnellales.

Non-gilled hymenomycetes … Thelephoraceae, Clavariaceae, Hydnaceae, and Polyporaceae.

Tuning fork basidia (aseptate) with 2 long sterigmata. Basidiospores become septate (2-3 lobes)… Causes brownrot and most specieis are orange or yellow.

Looks like ear that grows on a log.

Gills Pink then brown in age… Brown spores.. Distinct Annulus… Free gills… Saprotrophs

(Toadstool) red top with nubs… Free gills… Annulus.. Example Aminita muscaria.

Brown top… White Print… Stem breaks like chalk… Examples (Lactarius or Russula)

Coprinus (Inky Caps)… Grow in clumps… Liquify quickly… Saprotrophs

Bright colored (orange)… Waxy gills… White Print… Mycorrhizal and saprotrophic spp

Diverse group of white spored muchrooms… Includes Armillaria, Clitocybe, Lentinus, Mycena, Marasmius, Pleurotus, Tricholoma.

Hymenium is sponglike with tubes or pores… Sometimes Truffles… Examples of Suillus (slimy), Boletus (dry), and Leccinum.

No clamps… Brown to Redbrown… Grows on wood (conks)… Examples of Phellinus, Inonotus, Coltrichia, and Hymenochaete.

Conks growing on wood and shelped shaped… Perennial… With clamps… Ganoderma specieis.

Poroid hymenium… Grows on wood… Includes Fomes, Fomitopsis, Laetiporus, Polyporus, Trametes, Gleophyllum.

Generative hyphae, (Vegetative Hyphae), Skeletal hyphae, and Binding Hyphae.

Terrestrial / mycorrhizal… Annual… White Print,,, funnel shaped basidiocarp… Example Cantharellus Craterellus.

Terrestrial / mycorrhizal… Annual… Ochre Print,,, funnel shaped and wrinkles warted basidiocarp… Example Gomphus

Coral including Clavaria, Ramaria, Thyphula… Annual

Conks growing on dead wood… Mostly resupinate or reflexed… Corticium, Peniophora, Stereum.

large Basidiocarps with toothed hymenium. Big brown cap like Sarcondon… Also Hydnum, and Hydnellum.

White… Looks like parsley… Grows on wood… Toothed hymenium… Amyloid spores… Example Hericium

85% of terrestrial plants are mycorrhizal.

Hyphae surround the root cells. (no penetration)

Hyphae enter the cortical cells of the root and are enveloped by the plasmaelmma of the host.

85% of all terrestrial plants.

Increase surface area of plant-soil interface… Increase nutrients… Protects roots from pathogenic fungi… Increase fitness in and between plants via mycorrhizal network.

Glomalean (Glomeromycotan)… Huge green ball that has been around for 400+ Mya

Cantherellus, Ramaria, Boletus, Tricholoma, Rhizopogon, Amanita, Russula, Suillus, Laccaria, Pisolithus, Cortinarius.

ECM is about 2000 spp while VAM is 300,000 species.

Ericoid, Arbutoid, Monotropoid, Orchids,

Low nutrient soil,,, hair roots 2-3 cells thin. Forms coiled structures

Can form mycorrhizal connections with many plants at same time.

Mycotrophic plants eat the ectomycorrhizal fungi by lysing part of the fungal cell and absorbing it.

Same thing… 8 groups of nonseptate basidia.

Spores mature inside basidiocarp. Not forcibly discharged. (not a formal taxa… traits evolved 4 unique times).

Spores on sterigmata that are formed symmetrically, and not actively discharged.

Fertile portion of Holobasidia that contains basidia and spores.

Outer covering of basidiocarp,,, sometimes multilayered.

Small structures containing basidiospores and basidia (at bottom of cup) *think water*

Sclero are small earth balls with dark center gleba. ECM.. Spores are spikey, (reticulate)… Pisolithus is dead mans hand.

Tubers or false truffles. Hypogeous balls

Puffballs and Crucibulum,

Stinkhorns, earth stars, and Cannon balls.

Balls called Macowanites or Zelleromycetes are 2 examples.

In the Teliospore

If a fungus is restricted to a specific host or group of hosts… Or can just be lots of places.

The different plant species a fungis is capable of establishing a parasitic relationship with.

App is adhesion.. Haust is nutrient uptake arm that sticks itself inside the plant cell.

auto is life cycle on just 1 host… Hetero has 2 or more hosts.

pycnia monokaryon > Aecia dikaryon > uredinia binucleate > Telia karyogamy makes diploid > basidia meiosis to haploid basidiospores.

Macro is all stages,,, Demi skips Uredinia (3) ,,, Micro skips Uredinia and aecia… (2-3)

0 and 1… Pycnia and Aecia

2-4… Uredinia to Telial to Basidium.

Macrocyclic rust are ancestral… Microcyclic species are derived from Macro but lost stage 1 and 2.

Nematode capturing devices and paralytic toxins.

Skin Malassezia, Cryptococcus neoformans.