NCE Exam

1) Human relations core
2) Social infuence core
3) skills core
4) theory core

empathy, respect, and genuiness

competence, power, intimacy. Expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthieness were identified by Stanley Strong

Allen Ivey identified microskills- communication skill units such as attending, inquiry, and reflection

these help one understand self and interpersonal relationships and skills.

identified a structure of personality

unconscious motivation of energy- ruled by the pleasure principle

is controlled by the reality principle

is internalized ethics

free association, interpretation of dreams, and other client material

projections onto therapist must be worked through

consists of projections of the therapist onto the patient

security is each person's motivation and the person becomes anxious when it is not achieved. Irrational ways to mend disrupted human relationships may become neurotic needs

ind. must join w/others to develop self-fulfillment-social character-otherwise they may become lonely and nonproductive. Society offers opp. to exp. mutual love and respect

a social systems (interpersonal) approach can lead to understanding human behavior. Behavior is best understood in terms of social interactions, not as mechanistic and linear

based on pscyhoanalysis, interpersonal relationships as represented intrapsychically

Freud used the term to refer to a significant person or thing that is the object or target of one's feelings or drives

interpersonal relationships that shape and ind's current interactions with people, both in reality and in fantasy

1)fusion with mother (3-4wks)
2) Symbiosis (3-8mo)
3) separation/individuation(4-5mo)
4)constancy of self and object(by 36th mo)

Psychological Birth of the Human Infant- object relations theroy

client-centered

focus was on the person's phenomenological world reflecting and clarifying their verbal and non-verbal communication

client-centered: moving clients to self-actualization

unconditional positive regard, genuinance (congruence), empathic understanding

Counseling and Psychotherapy
Client Centered Therapy
On becoming a person

Frederick 'Fritz' Perls

based on existential principles, here and now focus, and a holistic systems theroy viewpoint

the need is in the forefront

the need is in the background

is when the need (figure) is met and a new need takes place

for ind. in therapy to become whole beings, to complete gestalts.

1) personal responsibility
2)unfinished business
3)awareness of the now

encouraged the taking of responsibility by the client by using confrontation and encourages the client to stay with the feelings and to relive experiences and finish business

role playing, two-chair technique, and dream work- interpretation is not done by the therapist but by the client

Gestalt Therapy Verbatim and in and out of the garbage can

Alfred Adler and Rudolph Dreikurs, Don Dinkmeyer, Thomas Sweeny

uniqueness of each indivudal is influenced by social factors. Each person has a sense of inferiority and strives for superiority

ind. psychology- gives meanings to our experiences which include habit, family, career, attitudes, etc.

life histories, homework assignments and paradoxical intentions

Eric Berne
Carl Steiner
Thomas Harris
Graham Barnes

practicing or reinforcing self-statements

responsible for cognitive behavior modification and stree inoculation

a shift from self-defeating thoughts to coping ones

developed a 5-point scales to measure empathy, genuineness, concreteness and respect

does not attend to or detracts significantly from the client's affect

subtracts noticeably from the client's affect

interchangeable with the client's content and affect

Adds noticeably to the client's affect

Adds significantly to the client's affect and meaning

self-disclosure

a pscyhoanalytic approach, projective technique in which stories told by a subject about each of a series of pictures are assumed to reveal dominant needs or motivations.

major concepts: birth order and family constellations

gets much attention; tends to be dependable;hard-working;achievement oriented; when another child comes oldest may fear losing love

share attention;sees self as if in a race to compete iwth first child; often succeeds where older fails

often feels left out, may see life as unfair "poor me attitude; may develop problems

baby in the family; pampered; special role to play;influenced by all others; tends to go own way, often develops in directions no one else thought of

does not learn to share or cooperate; often deals with adults well; wants center stage even as adult and if does not get it, may have difficulties

developed by Joe Luft and Harry Ingham. The clients brings material in which some is known and other information is not

1)a change in one quandrant affects all others
2) it takes energy to hide, deny, or be blind to behavior
3)threat increases awareness; mutual trust tends to increase awareness
4)the smaller the first quadrant (upper left) the poorer the communication
5) there is univeral curiousity about the unknown area but customs, social training, and fears keep parts unknown
6) the goal of counseling is to minimize the lower right quadrant and maximize the upper left

counselors are expected to share with clients at the initial session information about counseling goals, counselor qualifications, and counseling limitations

are apt to use tests and inventories

present, here-and-now data from immediate, ongoing interactions

goes beyond eclectic, it implies the creation of a model that the counselor develops a personal theory based on values, worldview, education, and experience. The counselor fleshes out this integrative counseling theory to include processes and techniques from other theoretical perspectives.

behavioral/cognitive and rational emotive

holistic/eclectic approach with strong behavior ties, multimodal therapy with seven interactive yet discrete modalities summarized by the acronym BASIC ID

B- behaviors (acts, habits, reactions
A-affective responses (emotions and moods)
S-Sensations
I- Images (how we see selves, dreams, memories
C-Cognitions (insights, philosopies, ideas)
I- interpersonal relationships
D- drugs, biology including nutrition

therapist maintains the expert role

behaviorally based intervention induces anxiety around the problem by presenting vivid images or cues(flooding). The anxiety is expected to diminsh (extinguish) with repeated exposure and in the absence of
any threat

human beh. is learned, old behaviors can be extinguished and new behaviors established, respondent learning, operant conditioning, and social modeling are the three primary ways of learning

the ability to experience the client's subjective world including feelings and cognitions

also called genuineness, this characteristic implies that hte ocunselor is authentic and integrated in teh counseling session. Congruence can also mean an agreement between a client's behavior and his values and belief

also called acceptance, this characteristic implies the counselor is caring without condition and is neither evaluative nor judgmental

this is the extent to which the client and the couselor deal with issues in specific terms rather in vague generalities

this is dealing iwth what is going on in the counsling process at the present time

this is a therpeutic technique used to uncover and suggest meanings and relationships often underlying the apparent expression

appropriate self-disclosure means that the counselor shares personal affect and experiences relative to the client's issues

this refers to several behaviors including listening, engaging in eye contact and being psychologically present

repeating what the client has stated with emphasis on the cognitive message

repeating what the client has stated with emphasis on the affective or feeling portion of the message

restating the message of the client to show or to gain understanding

this is a process whereby the counselor or client brings together several ideas or feelings usually following a lengthy interchange

silence may have many meanings such as quietly thinking, boredom, hostility, waiting for the counselor to lead, preparing the next thrust, or emotional integration

confrontation occurs whent he counselor identifieds and presents discrepancies between a client's verbal and nonverbal behaviors or between counselors and clients perceptions

refers to defining the nature, limits,and goals of the counseling process

collective unconscious is determined by the evolutionary development of the human species and it contains brain patterns for the most intense emotional responses that humand experience- he also introtuced the concepts of introversion and extraversion and the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator is based on Jung's theory

is a response pattern occurring universally in the human experience and is characterized by an emotional charge to the existential issues of identity, meaning, and purpose

female trait-archetype

male trait- archetype

transformation of self including gaining knowledge of self; recognition and integration of self

personalities exist within systems, any system of interaction including culture, situational context and field theory

field theorist, behavior is a function of life space which is a function of the person and the environment. He also challenged the linear and mechanistic view of behavior

Identified automatic thoughts-similar to the preconscious- internal communication system

theory of reciprocal inhibition

Wolpe, the underlying principle is that people cannot be both anxious and relaxed

based on reciprocal inhibition (Wolpe), counterconditioning by reducing anxiety by associating negative stimuli with positive events (neg. images paired with muscle relaxation)

use of tokens as a reinforcement in a behavioral treatment, privileges and goods can be purchased with the tokens

clients are urged to "intend" that which they fear or wish to change.

behavioral intervention is designed to inhibit recurring thought by consciouslyh stopping it whenever it occurs

Bergan-behavioral model
Bandura- social learning
Schien- purchase model
Caplan- mental health consultation model
Splete- 9 stage process of consultation

problems come from self-defeating behaviors

* Assess the interaction of Axis I and Axis II disorders based on the DSM-IV classification system
* Identify the deeper and pervasive personality characteristics underlying a patient's overt symptoms
* Gain an integrated understanding of the relationship between personality characteristics and clinical syndromes to facilitate treatment decisions
-for adults, developed by Theodore Millon

Boredome may cause either reckless judgment in counseling sessions or treatment planning, or cause burnout

psychodynamic theory

Ellis

middle adulthood.

identify the problem behaviors and the desired changes

congruence

operant conditioning

Frederick Thorne.

countertransfernece

Do you suffer from self-doubt, telling yourself that your voice doesn’t matter?

REBT, Reality Therapy, Existential Therapy

without reinforcement

principle of reinforcement.

vuluntary, problem-sovling, work related, consultation may be client, consultant, consultee, or system focused, preventative function,

is not just to resolve the issues that cause human problems but t o increase competence so future problems may be avoided

transfer of knowledge or information from the consultant to the consultee

looking at the process-may use communication theory, attribution, change or motivation theory

Bergan, Bandura, Schein, Caplan

behavioral model with four stages: problem, identification, problem analysis, plan implementation, and problem evaluation

problem behaviors and their entecedents and consequences

verbal interaction in consultation

is a dynamic interplay of behaviors, congitions, and the environment and all three are assessed in problem identification

modeling, rehearsing, and changing cognition

indentified the purchase model with involves buying the consultant expert's knowledge or service

doctor-patient model stresses diagnosis and problem identification

is a mental health consultation model. Consultation occurs between two profesionals and can be centered on the client, the consultee and client, the program, or the consultee and administration.

nine-stage process of consultation: precontract, contract and exploration of relationship, contracting, problem identification, problem anazlysis, feedback and planning, implementation of the plan, evaluation of the plan, conclustion and termination of the relationship

original proponents are Richard Bandler and John Grinder

is an experimental counseling technique used to facilitate the clients accessing of memories of painful and traumatic experiences and reprocessing these experiences through eye movements similar to those found in REM sleep cycles

number one problem in the US

suicide, early sexual activity, and automobile accidents

low self-concept, anxiety, feeling of social isolation, sexual dysfunction, dependence, fear of failure, and suicidal impulses

Substance Abuse Subtle Screening Inventory are useful in measuring signs of addiction

refers to nonlinguistic communication which occurs through body movements such as gestures and facial expressions

refers to the spatical features of the environment such as positioning of furniture, seating arrangements, etc. How we arrange space will have an impact on behavior

each of us has a personal space

encourages open dialogue and breaking down of cultural barriers. There is respect for others' values and differences