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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At what landmark does the internal carotid artery split to form the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?
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Anterior Perforated Substance
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The pituitary gland and part of the infundibulum are supplied by the______. These are branches of the ___
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superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries
ICA (the inferior branch arises in the cavernous sinus, while the superior branch typically arises from the cerebral/supraclinoid part) |
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The cerebral part of the internal carotid artery gives off what branches?
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Superior Hypophyseal Artery
Ophthalmic artery Posterior communicating artery Anterior choroidal artery |
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What artery is critical for visual function?
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Central artery of the retina, coming off the opthalmic artery. This artery supplies the optic nerve
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The posterior communicating artery travels over the _____
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oculomotor nerve
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The anterior choroidal artery (AchA) follows the ____in a caudal and lateral direction around the crus cerebri. As it reaches the lateral geniculate body it branches extensively. These branches enter the ______ to supply what?
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optic tract
inferior horn of lateral ventricle to supply choroid plexuses |
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What artery largely supplies the choroid plexuses?
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Anterior Choroidal Artery, branching from the Internal Carotid Artery
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Hemiplegia, Hemianesthesia, and Hemianopsia are signs consistent with damage to the ___ of the ____. What artery is likely involved?
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Posterior Limb of the Internal Capsule.
Anterior Choroidal Artery |
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The anterior cerebral artery, beyond the anterior communicating artery, supplies what?
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the medial aspect of the frontal and parietal lobes
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The callosomarginal and pericallosal arteries branch from what artery?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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Stroke patient presents with paralysis of opposite foot and leg, sensory deficits over toes, foot, and leg, cognitive impairments including planning and decision making; loss of initiative, memory and emotional disturbances. What Artery is likely involved?
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Anterior Cerebral Artery
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The middle cerebral artery moves laterally through the Sylvian cistern, giving off the ______ arteries to the basal ganglia and internal capsule.
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lenticulostriate
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Branches of the middle cerebral artery on the lateral hemisphere usually include ____, ___, and _____ arteries.
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Precentral, Central and Postcentral (Rolandic)
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What clinically significant areas are supplied by the middle cerebral artery?
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Primary sensory and motor areas for face and arm, speech areas (Broca's and Wernicke's), Parietal Associatin cortex, and frontal eye fields.
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What is the clinical presentation for an occulsion of the middle cerebral artery?
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Exact presentation will vary depending on which branch is occluded. It may include:
paralysis of opposite face and arm, sensory deficits over opposite face and arm, visual field defects, inattention to opposite side of body, transient paralysis of conjugate gaze to contralateral side. |
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The posterior cerebral artery travels laterally over the______ and wraps around the ____
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oculomotor nerve
Midbrain |
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The calcarine artery branches off of the ____ artery and supplies the _____
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
Primary visual cortex |
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The PCA supplies the ___, ____ and ____.
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Visual Cortex, Temporal Lobe, and part of the thalamus.
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Pt presents with hemianopia, alexia (inability to read), and sensory deficits with deep territory involvement. What artery is likely involved?
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Posterior Cerebral Artery
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PICA supplies the _______and emerges in the cisterna magna where it supplies the _________and then the posterior and medial parts of the________
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dorsolateral medulla
choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle inferior cerebellar surface |
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The first large branch of the basilar artery is the ____. What does this artery supply?
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Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
Supplies the ventral and lateral surface of cerebellum, part of the pons, and a little bit of the choroid plexuses in the 4th ventricle. |
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The anterior groups of the circle of Willis supply what areas?
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Optic Chiasm, anterior hypothalamus, anterior perforated substance.
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The _______________ supplies the rostral part of the head of the caudate and anterior limb of the internal capsule.
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medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
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The ___________ supply the head and body of the caudate, most of the lenticular nucleus. They also supply the anterior limb, genu, and dorsal posterior limb of the internal capsule.
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lateral striate (lenticulostriate) arteries
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The________ supply the crus cerebri , the middle and posterior parts of the hypothalamus
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posterior perforating groups of the Circle of Willis
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The thalamus is supplied primarily by branches of the ______
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posterior cerebral artery.
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What veins do you find on the lateral surface of the cerebral hermispheres?
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Superior anastomotic vein (of Trolard), Inferior Anastomotic vein (of Labbe)
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On the base of the brain, the ____ ___and _____ link the cavernous sinus to the transverse sinus and the origin of the internal jugular vein
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superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
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______ are the major interface for the transport of glucose from blood to neurons. They also act as a reservoir for glycogen.
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Astrocytes
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Ketone bodies can become an energy source for the brain under what conditions?
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neonatal suckling, diabetes, starvation, and low carbohydrate intake.
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Metabolism is tightly coupled to cerebral blood flow and produces the basis for ___________. End regulators for metabolism appear to be ___ and ____
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functional magnetic imaging.
NO and adenosine |
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_______ is the most potent regulator of the resistance of cerebral capillary beds
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Carbon dioxide partial pressure
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The primary anatomical substrates for the blood brain barrier include what?
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Tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells
Perivascular cells around capillary endothelial cells The basement membrane Astrocytic endfeet that surround cerebral capillaries |
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A patient develops transient blindness in the right eye that clears after several minutes. What is the most likely cause
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emboli in the central retinal artery of the right eye
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A patient has valvular heart disease that gives rise to an embolus, which enters the internal carotid artery. What branch of the anterior circulation is it most likely to become lodged?
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a middle cerebral artery
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The likelihood of stroke arises from both __ and __ factors
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modifiable and non modifiable
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After a stroke, ____ ___ is reduced within seconds, ___ ___of neurons is inhibited in 2-4 minutes, followed by inhibition of ___ ___
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Electrical activity
synaptic excitability electrical excitability |
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Normal cerebral blood flow is __ml/100g/min.
There are two primary thresholds associated with a reduction in blood flow, what are they? |
55ml/100g/min
at 18ml/100g cells do not function but have potential for recovery At 8ml/100g/min the threshold of membrane failure is reached and cell death occurs. |
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Cerebral hemorrhage is usually due to the rupture of small vessels such as the ___ arteries
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lenticulostriate
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Where do aneurysms normally occur?
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at vessel branches
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In transient ischemic attacks (TIA’s) sudden neurological deficits occur which, by definition recover before ____ , but usually before ___.
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24 hours
10 min |
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_____ is an example of a TIA which affects the ophthalmic artery, and is an indicator of carotid artery disease.
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Amaurosis fugax
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Amaurosis fugax is an example of a TIA which affects the ____artery, and is an indicator of _____
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ophthalmic
carotid artery disease. |
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TIA’s in the anterior circulation are most commonly associated with _____,_______sensory or motor dysfunction , or _____ deficits
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amaurosis fugax
contralateral (unilateral) language |
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In the posterior circulation, TIA’s are associated with____or _____ motor or sensory dysfunction, _____ visual disturbance, ____ numbness, ____, ____, and ____.
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bilateral or shifting
bilateral bifiacial numbness, vertigo, diplopia and ataxia |
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Watershed strokes occur _____, usually from reduced cerebral blood flow from severe _____ or___. They are usually (bilatera/unilateral)l
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along the borders between arterial territories
arterial hypotension or hypoxemia bilateral |
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_____ strokes occur along the borders between arterial territories, usually from reduced cerebral blood flow from severe arterial hypotension or hypoxemia. They are usually bilateral
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Watershed
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Patient has person in a barrel syndrome, with proximal body motor and sensory deficits, expressive language deficits, and behavioral changes. What does this patient have?
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Anterior Watershed Infarct (ACA/MCA)
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Posterior watershed infarcts (MCA/PCA) can produce ____ and ____ loss and a variety of _____problems
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complex visual and sensory
language |
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Lacunar strokes occur where?
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in penetrating arteries to deep tissues of the brain or brainstem (not cortex)
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Lacunar strokes are (small/large) and result in cavities from___ - ___ mm in size
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small
2-15 |
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The _ artery supplies the rostral part of the head of the caudate and anterior limb of the internal capsule.
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The medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner)
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The _ arteries supply the head and body of the caudate, most of the lenticular nucleus. They also supply the anterior limb, genu, and dorsal posterior limb of the internal capsule.
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lateral striate (lenticulostriate)
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