NEuro flash card

Presents: Contralateral Hemiparesis (lower extremity) medial leminiscus(↓ contralateral propioception) Ipsilateral paralysis of hypoclosal nerve)

Contralateral Loss of pain and temperature, Ipsilateral Dysphagia, hoarseness, ↓ gag reflex, vertigo, diplopia, nystagmus, vomiting, ipsilateral Horner's syndrome(miosis, anhidrosis, ptosis) Ipsilateral facial pain and temperature, trigem nucleus (spinal tract and ipsilateral ataxia

Ipsilateral facial paralysis, Ipsilateral cochlear nucleus, vestibular nystagmus, Ipsilateral facial pain and temperature, Ipsilateral dystaxia (MCP, ICP)

Contralateral Hemianopia with macular sparing (supplies occipital cortex)

Contralateral face and arm paralysis and sensory loss, aphasia (dominant sphere) right parietal left sided neglect)

Supplies medial surface of brain. leg foot motor area and sensory corticies

Most common site of circle of willis aneurysm
Lesions may cauase visual field defects

a common area for aneurysm
CNIII Palsy

Divisions of Middle cerebral artery Supply Interna capsule, cuadate, putamen, globus pallidus (ateriest of stroke") infacrt of posterior limbe of interna l capsule---> pure motor hemiparesis

Between anterior and cerebrale Middle cerebral
Posterior Cerebral/ Middle cerebral arteries
Damage in sever hypertension uppper leg/ upper arm weakness. Defects in higher order visual processing

Infarcts cause" locked in syndrome" CN III Typically intact

Sensory, motor dysnfunction and Aphasia

Crania Nerve Deficits, (vertigo, visual field deficits) , coma cerebellar deficits
ataxia
Dominant Hemisphere (ataxia ... Non dominant (neglect)

Lower motor neuron lesion only due to destruction of antero horns...
FLACID PARALIYSIS

Mostly white matter of cervical region; Random and asymetric lesions due to demyelination; Scanning speech. intention tremmor. nystagmus.

Combined upper and lower motor neuron deficits both upper and lower motor neuron signs

no sensory, cognitive, occulomotor deficits ... can be caused by superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)
commonly presents as fasciculation and eventual atrophy; progressive and fatal. Riluzole treatment modestl lengthens survival by dereasing presynaptic glutamate release

Spares the dorsal common and tract of lissaurer upper thoracic ASA. teritory it is watershed area as atery of adamkiwicz supply asa below t8.

Degeneration of dorsal roots and dorsal colomns impared propioception and locomotor ataxia

Damages anterior white commisure of spinothalamic tract (2nd order neurons)
resulting in bilateral loss of pain and temperature usually C8-t1
seen with chiari types 1 and 2 can expand and affect other tracts.

Demylination of dorsal Columns Lateral cortico spinal tracts and spinocerebellar tracts. ataxic gait. hyper reflexia impaired position and vibration sense

Findings
Ipsilateral UMN sign below the leison.
Ipsilateral loss of tactile vibration, proprioception, sense (dorsal colomn) below lesion,
Contralateral pain and temperature senstation below lesions

Ipsilateral loss of all sensation at level of lesion
LMN signs E. flacid paralysis at level of lesions
If lesion occurs above T1 presents with Horners syndrome

Most common 1° brain tumor. Prognosis is very grave, <1 year life expectancy. Found in cerebral hemisphere ( can cross corpus callosum) butterfly lesion.
Stain Astrocytes for GFAP
Psuedopalisading Pleomorphic tumor cells- border central area of necrosis and Hemorrhage

2nd most common 1° brain tumor. most often occurs in convexities of hemisperes and parasagital regions. arises from arachonoid cells external brain resectable
Spindle cells concerntricall arranged in whorled pattern (psomoma bodies laminated calcifications)

3rd most common 1° brain tumor Schwan cell origin often localized to CN VIII --> acoustic schwanoma resectable ... Usally found at the cerebellopontine angle
S-100 +

Relatively rare, slow growing, most often in frontal loves.
Chicken wire capillary pattern
Oligodendrocytes = "friend egg cells --> found nuclei with clear cytoplasm often calcified in oligo denroglioma

Most Comonly prolactinoma.
Bitemporal hemianopia ( due to pressure on optic chiasm) and hyper- hypopituitarism sequela

Usually well circumscribed in children, Most often found in posterior fossa. may be supratentorial GFAP + bengin ... Good prognosis
Rosenthal fibers--> Eosinophilic corkscrew fibers. Cystic+ solid gross

Highly malignant cerebellar tumor. Form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) Can compress 4th ventricle. causing hydrocephalus.

Ependemal cell tumors most commonlyt found in 4th ventricle Can cause hydrocephalus... Poor prognosis
Characteristic perivascular pseudo rossettes rod shaped. blepharplast (basal ciliary bodies ) found near nucleus

Most often cerebellar; associated with von hipple-lindau syndrome, when found with retinal hemangioms. Can produce EPO--> 2° polycythemia
Foiamy cells and high vascularity are characteristic

Benign childhoold tumorm confused with pituitary adenoma ( can also cause bitemporal hemianopia) MOst common childhood supra tentorial tumor