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99 Cards in this Set
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the EEG measures electric activity wrt:
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other electrodes,
not the ground |
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it's impossible for the EEG electrodes to record the activity of ONE neuron, due to layers of the skull; thus EEG records
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activity of thousands of neurons
(populations) |
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EEG manifests in
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brain waves
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the signal of a single neuron is
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10's of mV's
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normally, the sum of the waves produced by neurons is
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irregular
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synchronous, regular waves correspond to:
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BOTH nonREM
and seizure |
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seizures are a result of
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abnormal rhythms
abnormal does not mean irregular |
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generalized seizure =
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synchronous activity of *entire* cortex
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generalized seizure =>
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exhaustion
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partial seizure =
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synchronous activity of a *region* of cortex
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symptoms of partial seizure may manifest in:
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motor, visual, memory problems, depending on specific region affected
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seizures are recognized by:
(technology) |
large EEG's
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epilepsy =
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the condition of repeated seizures
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epilepsy (the having of seizures) is caused by:
(4) |
1. trauma
2. disease 3. tumor 4. genetics |
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EEG rhythms:
(4) |
1. Beta
2. alpha 3. theta 4. delta |
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Beta rhythm =
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>14 Hz,
awake/REM |
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alpha frequency =
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8-13 Hz
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theta frequency =
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4-7 Hz
Stages 1 and 2 |
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delta frequency =
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<4 Hz,
Stages 3 and 4 |
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***high-frequency, low-amplitude*** rhythm corresponds to:
(2) |
1. awake
2. REM |
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what are the frequency and amplitude characteristics of non-dreaming sleep or coma?
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high amplitude,
low-frequency |
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3 functional states of the brain:
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1. awake
2. non-REM sleep 3. REM sleep |
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how much of our lives do we spend sleeping?
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1/3
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reasons why we sleep:
(4) |
1. replenish brian glycogen levels
2. conserve energy 3. nighttime lowers visibility - avoid bad conditions 4. consolidate memory |
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sleep is an ______ process
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active
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what are the most critical kinds of neurons in sleep?
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those of the *diffuse modulatory systems*
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flow of sleep is in order, and cycles through; stage 4 is not reached after about:
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2 cycles
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awake ~
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Beta
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sleepy ~
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alpha
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Stage 1 ~
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theta
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Stage 2 ~
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theta
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Stage 3 ~
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delta
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Stage 4 ~
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delta
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REM ~
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**Beta**
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Stage 1 characteristics:
(2) |
1. lightest sleep stage
2. transitional - lasts a few minutes |
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Stage 2 characteristics:
(4) |
1. deeper - lasts 5-15 minutes
2. sleep spindles in waves 3. K-complexes in waves 4. eye movements cease |
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Stage 3 characteristics:
(2) |
1. EEG waves become larger, slower
2. eye and body movements are absent |
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Stage 4 has the largest:
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*amplitude* of EEG
(remember that REM has high-freq, low amplitude, like awake) |
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REM characteristics:
(3) |
1. *fast* EEG (>14 Hz)
2. body is paralyzed 3. dreams occur |
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REM waves are the same as when
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you're awake
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while stage 4 is deep sleep, REM is
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dream sleep
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the body is _______ during REM sleep
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still
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the sleep cycle =
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75% non-REM and 25% REM
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the cycle to go from Stage 1 through REM lasts about
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90 minutes
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as the night progresses, there is less and less _______ and more and more ______
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non-REM;
REM |
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during the last one-third of the night, REM cycles may last
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30-50 minutes
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each REM cycle is followed by AT LEAST ________________
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30 minutes of non-REM,
before another REM phase begins |
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in non-REM, the _____ is dominant
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ParaNS
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in REM,
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SNS is dominant
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non-REM ~
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idling brain in moving body
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whereas REM =
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active brain in paralyzed body
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in non-REM, sensory input
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does NOT reach the cortex
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while in REM, EEG looks like
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the waking brain
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in REM, energy use is ______
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***high***
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in BOTH non-REM and REM, body temperature is
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low
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in non-REM, HR and respiration are
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low;
in REM, they are **high** |
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erection occurs during
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REM sleep
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during REM *only*, what system is used to dec. sensory input to cortex and thus dec. response to the world?
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**GABA input to cuneatus and gracilis**
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during REM, both the ____ (pons) and the ____ (medulla) activate __________________________ which ______________________________ via ________
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SLD; SOM;
inhibitory interneurons; inhibit motor neurons; glycine |
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during REM, the limbic system is ___________, leading to _______________
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activated;
irrational dreams |
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the Reticular Activating System (RAS) stimulates the thalamus, =>
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waking up
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during REM, the thought/control portions of the brain are
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inactivated
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2 stable states of the thalamus:
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1. tonically active
2. oscillatory/bursting |
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tonically active state of the thalamus =>
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1. awake
2. allows sensory info to pass to cortex |
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oscillatory/bursting state of the thalamus =>
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1. sleep
2. prevents sensory information from coming into cortex |
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which nucleus hyperpolarizes the thalamus and causes sleep?
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the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus (TRN)
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the RAS ________ the thalamus, converting it to tonic activity and leading to __________
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depolarizes;
wakefulness |
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when TRN is active:
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Ca2+ channels are activated, bursting behavior is produced => rhythmic activity of thalamus occurs => rhythmic activity of the cortex => sleep
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when RAS is active, thalamus regains tonic activity, =>
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wake up
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lesions of BS nuclei (all RAS) =>
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sleep,
b/c they can't depolarize the thalamus and wake you up |
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conversely, stimulation of the RAS nuclei =>
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hyper alertness
they keep the thalamus depolarized and responsive to the outside world |
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the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus corresponds to:
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histamine
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the SCN inhibits
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PVN
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the PVN activates
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IML cell column => melatonin
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the lateral hypothalamus releases
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***orexin***
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orexin promotes
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**waking**
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orexin activates
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the RAS nuclei
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RAS nuclei =
(4) |
1. cholinergic
2. tuberomammillary nucleus (HIST) 3. loecus coruleus 4. Raphe |
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TMN releases
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histamine
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VLPO promotes
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***sleep***
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the lateral hypothalamus activates:
(2) |
1. TMN
2. other RAS |
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the VLPO inhibits:
(2) |
1. TMN
2. other RAS |
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Histamine/NOR/SER are ALL active when one is
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awake
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Histamine/NOR/SER are INactive during _________________
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ALL stages of **sleep**
(nonREM and REM) |
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ACH is active during:
(2) |
1. awake
2. REM |
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ACH is NOT active during
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non-REM sleep
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ACH and Histamine/NOR/SER are ALL active during
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awake
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ACH and Histamine/NOR/SER are ALL inactivated during
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non-REM sleep
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the adenosine theory of sleep:
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decreasing glycogen during wake => increasing adenosine / dec. RAS activity => hyperpolarized thalamus => sleep
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adenosine promotes
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sleep
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glycogen depletion =>
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adenosine release
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adenosine/glycogen/RAS during sleep:
(3) |
1. adenosine levels fall
2. glycogen levels rise 3. RAS activity goes up |
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people deprived of REM sleep will have
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longer periods of REM once they're able
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REM deprivation and learning:
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deprived of REM => impaired ability to learn
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REM sleep increases in duration following
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intense learning experience
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insomnia is caused by:
(4) |
1. stress
2. depression 3. age 4. caffeine |
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sleep apnea =>
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fatigue, possible death
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restless leg syndrome = irritating sensation in legs (ants), must move them to relieve the sensation; =>
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fatigue
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narcolepsy =
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sudden onset of **REM sleep** at any point during the day
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