NEURO TEST 1

Nucleus

Lipid Bilayer: 2 fats, do not dissolve in H2O

Cytoplasm: maintains metabolic balance

CNS: Oligodendrites

PNS: Schwann cells or Neurilemma cells

Fat cells wrapped around the axons.

Important: makes it go faster, increases the speed, insulates the axons and increases the speed of the transmission of impulses.

***Myeline increases as Language develops. Due to this, it gives us the idea that the brain can regenerate.



Disease: MS. MS myelin deteriorates.

***Synaptic Knob (Bouton), Synaptic Cleft, Post Synaptic Terminal,

Axons coming down from another nerve, all the branches called Telodendria, at the end of every Telodenria there is a Bouton, then you have the Synaptic cleft (space between), the dendrites (post synaptice area) where the neurotransmitters are going to come across the synaptic cleft and go into the next nerve.

Synapses consists of: Telodendria, synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, Dendrites

You have a cell body, when it is at resting potential it is at -70 mV, intracellular there is K+, NA+, Cl- (mostly Cl), on the outside of the cell you have +K, NA+, Cl. You have these gates that are going to be opening to that cell body, what happens is when you get that information about a nerve impulse coming down from another spot, on the extracellular level you are going to have your K and NA into the cell and make it less negative (-55 mV is what fires that action potential).



One it hits -55 mV it’ll fire every time. The impulse will move down to the axon hillock and down the axon to the next neuron.

Graded Potential. (Not an all or nothing)

Similar because it’s going to send the message through the cell body to another cell. But it’s not the all or nothing thing that the AP is, it does not have that power behind it. It’s like waves on a beach. Summation

2 types of Summation (time and space)

1. Temporal Summation
2. Spacial Summation

Neurotransmitter is the chemical that is going to go across the Synaptic Cleft. Starts at the Presynaptic knob or Terminal bouton from the other nerve, send that neurotransmitter across the synaptic cleft to its postsynaptic cleft or the receiving neuron.

NT is received by the postsynaptic membrane or experience the reuptake. Diffusion

NT is either going to be used in the Postsynaptic terminal, defuse or taken back up (reuptake) on that nerve.

Caudate Nucleus

Linticular Nucleus

Internal Capsule

1. Athetosis (slow, rising snake like movement – constant movement)

2. Chorea (Jerky movement, lightening like movement, sudden purposeless movements)

3. Parkinson’s ( resting tremor)

3 parts of the Diencephalon

1. Thalamus : switchboard to the brain –gets all neural impulses directly and indirectly from the body except Olfaction

2. Hypothalmus: regulates body functions, works closely with the endocrine and ANS. Handles your metoabolism, water balance, kidney absorption, adema (water retention), tells you when your hungry, thirsty, express emotions, something to fight with a fever, keeps you cool when overheated, sleeping and waking.

3. Reinticular Formation: receives and sends impulses from and to the spinal cord, the cerebellum, hemispheres of brain. Located in the brain stem, a bunch of scatters brain cells. No specific areas.

Hypocampus

Forenix

Singulet Gyrus

Amygdala

Regulates Animal fx/Instincts: all of the animal behavior: hunger, thirst, fear, anger, sexual arrousal

Parts of the Basal Ganglia:

Caudate Nucleus

Linticular Nucleus

Internal Capsule

1. Athetosis (slow, rising snake like movement – constant movement)

2. Chorea (Jerky movement, lightening like movement, sudden purposeless movements)

3. Parkinson’s ( resting tremor)

3 parts of the Diencephalon

1. Thalamus : switchboard to the brain –gets all neural impulses directly and indirectly from the body except Olfaction

2. Hypothalmus: regulates body functions, works closely with the endocrine and ANS. Handles your metoabolism, water balance, kidney absorption, adema (water retention), tells you when your hungry, thirsty, express emotions, something to fight with a fever, keeps you cool when overheated, sleeping and waking.

3. Reinticular Formation: receives and sends impulses from and to the spinal cord, the cerebellum, hemispheres of brain. Located in the brain stem, a bunch of scatters brain cells. No specific areas.

Frontal:

1: #4 Precentral gyrus (input: motor movement of the limbs)

Dys: paralysis

2: #6 and #44 - fluent speech.

# 44 Broca’s area (fluent, well articulated fluent speech)

Dys: apraxia

3: # 9 and #12. Prefrontal cortex – goal directed behavior (plan to accomplish and coordinate your body to get a goal done and initiation/motivation. Allows you to function in society, home school and family)
Dys: No initiation (sitting there doing nothing), trouble with abstract thinking, trouble with foresight )

Parietal:

1: # 3,1,2 (post central gyrus, behind central gyrus) sensory strip – input, there is something there and I can feel it. on contralateral side (left side controls right, right side controls left side)

Dys: Numbness

2: #5 and # 7 (explain what you are feeling)

Dys: Tactile Agnosia

3: the angular and # 40supamarginal gyrus (important for speech thereapy b/c angular gyrus is reading writing, word finding, solving math problems AND Supramarginal Gyrus is word recognition – for phonetics word articulation)

Temporal:

1. Heschel’s Gyrus # 41 and 42 (fx: hearing a sound)

Dys: trouble interpreting sound, sound localization

2: Werincke’s # 22 (comprehension of language, interpreting)

Dys: Aphasia

3: no specific area just integrating of sounds with other areas of the brain

Dys:

Occiptal:

1. #17 Calcraine fissure (visual input)

Dys: cortical blindness

2: #18 and 19 visual association of areas – interpreting visual images

Dys: Agnosia

3: integrating the areas

Dys:

3 types of fibers in the white matter:

Projection fiber: band shape, starts at the cortex and goes to the remote areas. Project from the brain out to the remote areas of the body. (tend to be long)

Association fiber: going to interconnect, associate areas of the areas of the cortex with the other areas. Allow them to be friends. Will be both long and short, depends on where they need to go to.

3 types of bundles:

Oncinate:

**Archuate arsiculaus(Brocas /wernicke’s)

Singulum: connects parts of the frontal parietal lobe)

Commissural fibers: biggest is Corpus Callosum

Job of Corpus Callosum: connects to the 2 hemispheres and sends messages back and forth to the 2 hemispheres.

#22

a major speech-language center in the dominant temporal lobe; important for comprehension of language.

#44 and #45

major speech-language center in the dominant frontal lobe; important for expressions of language.

*Presynaptic Terminal / Bouton
*Synaptic Cleft
*Postsynaptic Terminal

of brain tissue

1. The cerebral hemispheres
2. Basal Ganglia
3. Limbic lobe

Corpus Callosum

Gyrus

Sulcus

Fissure

the ionic difference across the membrane at a steady state in the cell.

neural impulse that travels to another cell body, dendrite, or axon

is a white, fatty lipid substance that surrounds the axon for protection and transmission.