Neuroanatomy

the development of patterns of response that no longer require highly specific motor control (speech is automatic). TBI or cerebrovascular accident can cause loss of automaticity.

controls automaticity as well as all voluntary muscular activity

posterior and inferior to the cerebrum, coordinates muscle activity.

muscular contractions (tonicity) that support action or movement (such as holding your head up)

subcortical structures involved in background movement and initiation of movement patterns. inhibitory to the go msg of the voluntary system. main parts: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

carry messages from the brain to the muscles. send messages for action.

carry messages from body areas to the brain (messages from outside the body such as hot, cold, rough, smooth)

sensing the outside: temperature, pain, touch

muscle length and tension, joint proprioception, muscle pain, press, vibration, being able to tell your arm is bent without seeing it.

pain, temperature, and mechanical stimulation (light and deep pressure, vibration, changes in joints, and muscle stretch)

sense of motion

trasduce one form of energy to another (vision, smell, hearing, taste)

touch, pain, hearing

smell, taste

vision

temperature

vision and hearing (stimuli do not directly touch the body)

events within the body (headache, full stomach, bathroom)

respond to stimuli outside the body

monitor change in body position

all nerves encased in bone (skull and spinal vertebrae)

cerebrum (right and left hemis)
--cortex
--subcortical region
-----basal ganglia
-----thalamus
cerebellum
brainstem

outside of bone
cranial nerves
spinal nerves
sensors
not in brain or spinal cord

part of PNS, divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic
involuntary, primitive functions (digestion, heart, glands)

vasoconstriction (goosebumps)
increased blood pressure, pulse, sweat
pupil dilation
loosened sphincter control

conserves energy, lowers blood pressure, constriction of pupils

prefrontal area of the cortex (behind forehead, impulse control), subcortical areas, cerebellum, spinal cord reflex arcs (express delivery of msgs--take hand off hot stove)

part of PNS, voluntary movement including automatic patterns, sensory information from the body to sensory strip, motor impulses to motor strip, includes the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems.

part of the somatic nervous system, pyramidal (direct): initiates voluntary muscles action. extrapyrmidal (indirect): background muscle tone and movement in support of initiated muscle action (backstage crew)

something splits from one side to the other

forebrain, develops in utero. splits into the telencephalon and the diencephalon

part of the prosencephalon, divides into cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia

part of the prosencephalon, divides into thalamus, hypothalamus and pituitary gland (hypophysis)

midbrain of the brainstem, doesnt divide into anything! woot! develops in utero

hindbrain, develops in utero, divides into the metencephalon and the myelencephalon

part of the rhombencephalon, divides into the pons in the brainstem and the cerebellum

part of the rhombencephalon, divides into the medulla.

can refer to the medulla and pons or to the entire brainstem and midbrain

atrocytes (collect nutrients and feed nerve cells)
oligodendrocytes (build the myelin sheath along with the schwann and astrocytes)
schwann cells
phagocytes: dispose of dead neurons

transmit information, made up of soma (cell body), dendrites, (there are many, which receive impulses and send them to the soma), axon (one, carries impulse away from soma). excitation=increase in cell activity, inhibition=decrease in cell activity

fatty wrapping covering many axons. made of schwann cells in the PNS, oligodendrocytes in the CNS. provides insulation and speeds transmission.

areas btw myelinated segments

branching at end of axon

button-like ends of the telodendria. they have tubules with synaptic vessicles in them. synaptic vessicles contain neurotransmitter which activates the next neuron.

the space between the bouton of one neuron and the next neuron in the chain. neurotransmitter is sent through this cleft to turn on the next neuron.

most of what we have in the brain. largest group, transmit impulses from one neuron to another. do not exit the CNS. only communicate between various parts of the brain.

usually bipolar (dual axons), long, myelinated axons, efferent: from CNS or PNS to muscles (from center out through peripheral)

usually unipolar (except hearing, balance, smell) afferent from sensor to peripheral or CNS.

membranous layers surrounding the brain that prodive protection, hold it in place, separtes some parts from others, support the weight of the brain. brain is suspended in these linings.

most superficial, composed of two layers with epidural space in between.

lacy, weblike layer deep to the dura mater. contains many blood vessels that suply the brain

deepest layer, thin, following contours of the brain's sulci and gyri. these membranes also enclose the spinal cord.

four spaces in the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which also surrounds the CNS. site of CSF production (protection, nutrients). the two lateral ventricles are the largest (1 on left, 2 on right). 3rd ventricle is medial to the two lateral. 4th ventricle connected to the 3rd by cerebral aqueduct.

correspond to bones of the skull. characterizes by sulci and gyri, hills and valleys that increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex.

divides brain mid-sagittaly. the precentral gyrus is the motor strip and is on the frontal lobe. the post-central gyrus is the sensory strip and is on the parietal lobe.

planning, initiation, self-control. motor strip, broca's area. making value judgments and controlling urges.

motor speech control. two, one of each side. damage affects articulation/precision.

1. Heschl's
2. Wernicke's

somatosensory, postcentral gyrus (sensory strip), association areas integrate information from occipital, temporal and parietal lobes.

most important for auditory receptive language processing. landmarks: superior temporal gyrus, Heschl's gyrus, Wernicke's area

all auditory info received here. one on each temporal lobe. verbal info received on language-dominatn hemisphere (left), and sent next door to Wernickes. nonverbal (intonation, etc) sent to other hemisphere via corpus collosum. verbal info received on right hemisphere is sent to the other hemisphere via the corpus collosum.

posterior to Heschl's gyrus, only on temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere. higher order processing.

the brain has no sensation itself, just receives sensation info. led to Brodmann's areas: different parts of the brain respond to bodily function.

visual perception and processing

paired structures of the diencephalon. final, common relay point for sensory info to the cortex. all sensation except olfaction goes through here. pain is perceived her but can't be located without cerebral cortex.

arises from the thalamus. responsible for arousing and focusing cortex. can malfunction causing hypo or hyperactive activity. allows you to attend. interwoven neurons between all of the systems. works at different levels at different times.

the brain needs constant oxygen. is 2% of body weight but consumes 20% of oxygen.

arises from left and right internal carotid arteries and left and right vertebral arteries. originate from the aorta.

courses up through the neck through base of skulls. enters the brain lateral to the optic chiasm (joining of left and right optic nerves). divides into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries.

supplies medial surface of cortex from frontal to temporal-parietal-occipital juncture. supplies upper part of motor strips and part of the basal ganglia.

largest supplier, entire lateral surface except the motor strip (ACA) and the occipital lobe/underside o the brain (PCA). primary supplier to the basal ganglia.

left and right vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, which divides to form the left and right posterior cerebral arteries (PCA). supplies the occipital lobe, inferiolateral surface of temporal lobe, underside of brain, thalamus. other arteries from basilar artery supply the pons, the internal ear and the cerebellum.

allows blood to be distributed from the internal carotid and vertebral arteries to any part of the brain. serves as a backup to blood supply is any blockage or damage occurs to the system. connects all parts of the system.