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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neuronal changes
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• acute changes
• tangle formation • inclusion bodies • extracellular deposits |
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Glialcell changes
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• inflammatory cells
• fibrosis (gliosis) • neoplasia |
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What is the response of neurons to acute injury?
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• Increased eosinophila
(red neuron) • Shrinkage of cell body • Pyknosisof nucleus • Loss of Nisslsubstance |
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Where do we see tangles?
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Alzeimer's
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What is amyloidosis
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Extracellular deposits of amorphous protein.
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What is the inflammatory cell response of glial cell bodies?
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microglialproliferate in
response to infection. serve role as phagocytes |
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Describe gliosis
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Astrocytesundergo
hypertrophy and hyperplasia. • Produce extensive meshwork of cytoplasmic processes resembling collagen fibers. |
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What is the difference between swelling and hydrocephalus?
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Hydrocephalus refers to accumulation of excessive CSF within the ventricles due to obstruction of flow - or problems with resorption
Swelling is in response to injury typically stroke or disruption of the blood brain barrier - typically exudative. |
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How does hydrocephalus develop?
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From communicative - lack of resorption
From non communicative - obstruction |
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What is a stroke
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Ischaemic infarct of the nervous system that's effects extends beyond 24 hours
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What is a transient ischaemic attack
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Ischaemia that affects the brain function for less than 24 hours
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What is herniation
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When the brain tissue protrudes beyond the dural folds, often due to swelling
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What is a concussion?
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Concussion is a loss of consciousness that results in a cessation of breathing due to traumatic injury - results in loss of reflexes while affected but complete recovery, except will not remember the incident
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What is a contusion?
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Bruising injury of the brain
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What is a laceration?
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Tearing of brain tissue
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What is a hematoma?
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Vascular injury of the brain where localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually in liquid form within the tissue.
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What is a subdural haematoma?
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A slow bleed from the bridging veins, into the space between the dura and arachnoid space.
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What is an epidural haematoma
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A profuse bleed from the middle meningeal artery, bleeding between the skull and the dura
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What are the risk factors for a stroke?
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Atherosclerosis
Thromboembolism Aneurysm |
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What is the outcome of a stroke?
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Ischaemic or haemorrhagic infarct
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What are the risk factors for a CVA?
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Risk factors:
– Age (>60 years). – Male – Family history – High cholesterol – High blood pressure (>140/90) – Smoking – Alcohol – Obesity – Diabetes – History of TIA |
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Be able to explain the importance of the circle of Willis to blood flow in the brain.
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Circle of Willis describes the circle of arteries supplying blood and oxygen supply to the brain.
–Middle cerebral Artery. –Internal Carotid Artery. –Basilar Artery Often affected by berry aneurysms |
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In addition to trauma & hypertension, be able to list at least 3 other causes of
intraparenchymal bleeding. |
– Coagulation disorders
– Neoplasms – Amyloiddeposits |
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Infection of CNS may
occur via: |
–Blood stream
–Implantation by trauma or may be iatrogenic. –Local extension from infected site. –Via peripheral nervous system. |
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Why are CNS tumours rarely of neuronal origin?
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Neurons do not proliferate
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What is the most common type of malignant tumour formed in the CNS?
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Astrocytoma
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Is metastasis of primary CNS tumours a major problem?
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No rarely metastasises outside of the CNS
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