Neuroscience and Behavior, Chapt 2 Myers 8th ed.

everything psychological is simultaneously biological. Impossible to think feel or act without a body.

popular theory in eary 1800s by german physician Franz Gall-bumps on skull reveal our mental abilities and character traits.

Plato -said the head because of its perfect spherical shape.
Aristotle said it was in the heart, which pumps warmth and vitality to the body

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior-also called, behavioral neuroscientists,neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists , biopsychologists

in response to singnals from sense receptors stimulated by pressure, heat or light or from chemical messges from neighbouring neurons.

information systems of humans and other animals operate similarly. can study simpler animals like squids and sea slugs.

Cell body(cell's life support center) with its hairy dendrites(recieve massages from other cells),and the axon(Passes messages away form the cell body ot other neurons, muscles or glands) sometimes with its myelin sheath(fatty tissue covering some axons to speed neural impulse)

the basic building block of the nervous system. It recieves and relays electrical signals.

a neural impulse: brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. Generated by movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane.

range from 2 miles per hour to 200+miles per hour. (way slower than electricity in a wire.

by exchanging electrically charged atoms called ions. Fluid interior of resting axon has excess of negative ions and the outside positively charged ions. when stimulated they swap out like a wave.

resting pause of neuron. pumps the positive ions back outside axon so it is ready to fire again.

No, it is all or nothing response, it either fires or doesn't.

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.

Axon terminal of one neuron is separated from the receiving neuron by a gap (synapse) the axon releases neurotransmitters into synapse ant then they bind to receptor sites on receiving neuron.

the junction or gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron.

chemical messengers that travel the synaptic gap between neurons. Influence whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.

the reabsorption of excess neurotransmitters by the sending neuron.

a neurotransmitter that enables learning and memory and also triggers muscle contraction(ACh) messenger at every junction btsn a motor neuron and skeletal muscle

each neurotransmitter travels a specific path in the brain and has a particular effect on behavior and emotions. they are linked to depression, euphoria, hunger and thinking addictions and therapy.

natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. Linked to pain controla nd pleasure.

particular neural pathways in the brain may use only one or two neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitter functions by influences movement, learning, attention and emotion.
Malfunction=linked to schizophrenia, low dopamine =tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease

neurotransmitter- affects mood hunger sleep and arousal

undersupply linked to depressionProzac is to raise serotonin

Neurotransmitter helps control alertness and arousal

linked to depression

neurotransmitter that inhibits

Neurotransmitter that excites, involved in memory.
oversupply can induce migraines or seizures.

at the synapse drugs and chemicals can inhibit or excite neurons firing, it may also block reuptake of neurotransmitter or release or neurotransmitter.

if flooded with drugs brain may stop producing its own natural opiates. When drug withdrawn brain deprived of opiate.

Agonists excite-block reuptake, floods synapse with aplifying chemical.
antagonists inhibit-neurotransmitters release, block receptor site

Allows brain to fence out unwanted chemicals circulating in the blood. Can make it difficult to give medicines for parkinsons etc. won't cross barrier.

lets us study behavior from multiple levels of analysis.

Central-brain and spinal cord(CNS)
Peripheral(PNS)-links central system to body's sense receptors, muscles, and glands.

sensory-send info from tissues and sensory organs to CNS for processing
motor-receives instructions from CNS and transmits it to the muscles and glands
interneurons-internal communication inside CNS, most complex and amount

our body's electrochemical information network

Autonomic(controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands)

Somatic(controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles)

Sympathetic-arousing

Parasympathetic-calming

neural cables containing many axons. These bundled axons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system, connect the central nervous system wht muscles, glands and sense organs

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

The division of the the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It functions without thought but can be consciously overridden.it arouses(sympathetic) and calms(parasympathetic)

a simple automatic inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee jerk response. A simple pathway that does not go to brain. one sensory neuron to interneuron to one motor neuron

Redeives information, interprets it, and decides responses

a cluster of neurons in the brain that communicate together and create a ton of synapses. Learning occurs as feedback strengthens connections that produce certain results. eg piano practice builds neural connections.

the slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, they are produced in one tissue and affect another

growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood

a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. They secrete the homones epinephrine(adrenaline) and norepinephrine(noradrenaline) which arouse the body in times of stress

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus(part of brain), the pituitary regulates growth and controls the other endocrine glands

brain-pituitary-other glands-hormones-brain

hypothalamus(in brain not a gland), pituitary gland,thyroid gland, parathyroids, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovary, testis

Clinical observation-observing effects of specific brain diseases and injuries.
manipulating the brain-electrically, chemically or magnetically stimulate prts of brain and see effects. recording electrical activity-electroencephalogram(EEG) reads electrical waves. neuroimaging techniques-PET MRI brain scans using radioactivity and magnetism

the oldest and innermost region of the brain. responsible for automatic survival functions.

spinal cord enters skull and swells to make medulla(responsible for heartbeat and breathing)then the pons(coordinates movements) the reticular formation runs through both pons and medulla(controls arousal)to the Thalamus(sensory switchboard not smell)

little brain, at rear of the brainstem, processes sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance

between the brains older parts and its cerebral hemispheres. hypothalamus is part of limbic system and controls the endocrine system. linked to emotions fear and anger and motives for food and sex

in limbic system- two neural clusters influence aggression and fear. perception and processing of emotional memories

neural networks in cerebral hemisheres enable perceiving, thinking and speaking. forms a thin surface layer on cerebral hemispheres. info processing center

frontal lobes(forhead), parietal lobes(rear top), occipital lobes(back of head) and temporal lobes(sides of head)

support, nourish and protect neurons -may also play role in learning and thinking. einstien had lots and lots of these.

cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead-speaking, muscle movements and making plans and judgments

cerebral cortex at top back of head- receives sensory input for touch and body position

cerebral cortex lying at the back of head-includes visual areas

cerebral cortex above ears-includes auditory areas,

band at rear of frontal lobes controls voluntary movements.

area at the front of the parietal lobes registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

areas of cerebral cortex not involved in primary motor or sensory functions: involved in learning, remembering thinking and speaking-associate sensory inputs with stored memories.

Frontal

underside of right temporal lobe

impairment of language ususlly caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area(imparing speaking or toe Wernicke's area (imparing understanding)

the words register in visual area are relayed to the angular gyrus which transforms the words into an auditory code that is understood in Wernicke's area and sent to Broca's area which controls the motor cortex as it creates the pronounced world

controls language expression-area of frontal lobethat directs the muscle movements involved in speech

controls language reception-comprehension and expression usually left temporal lobe

brains capacity for modification-shows in reorganization following damage esp. in children and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development

large band of neural fibers connection the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting he corpus callosum

reading, writing, speaking, arithmetic reasoning and understanding

understands simple requests, perceives objects quick intuitive responses, drawings and recognizing faces, perceiving differences, emotion and expressing emotion through more expressive left side of face