- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Characteristics of wake
|
low voltage fast EEG; desynchronized; external activation
|
|
characteristics of REM
|
low voltage fast EEG; desynchronized; internal activation
|
|
characteristics of NREM
|
high voltage fast EEG; synchronized; deactivation
|
|
Process S
|
increased sleep drive the longer you say awake--adenosine driven
|
|
Process C
|
circadian--based on temporal schedule
|
|
what does adenosine do?
|
blocks Ach neurons
|
|
sleep promoting hormones (4)
|
GABA
adenosine endorphins CCK |
|
what is limbic cortex involved in?
|
subjective experience
|
|
what do prefrontal cortex lesions result in?
|
problems with executive functions and emotional responses
|
|
what do prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices do?
|
postnatal development
judgement, insign, motivation, mood affect |
|
what does mediodorsal thalamus do with olfactory signals?
|
projects them to orbitfrontal cortex to give you emotional responsiveness to smell
|
|
what does ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus receive olfactory inputs from?
|
medial amygdala via stria terminalis
|
|
what is Kluver-Bucy syndrome?
|
visual agnosia
docile hypersexual |
|
what does septal region do?
|
neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive behaviors (GnRH)
Memory via cholinergic pathways to hippocampus |
|
what type of dopamine receptors are involved in the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system?
|
D3
|
|
what are vanilloid receptors?
|
nociceptors sensitive to both heat and capsaicin--resemble voltage-gates K+ or cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
|
|
what does tramadol do?
|
enhances NE
|
|
what type of neurons are lost in Huntingtons and what kind of disorder is it?
|
trinucleotide repeat disorder
lose medium spiny neurons in caudate and putamen |
|
What is in Lewy bodies?
|
alpha-synuclein
ubiquitin |
|
What neurons are lost in Alzheimer's?
|
cholinergic neurons in basal forebrain
|
|
5 effects of neurotrophins
|
1. increased neuronal survival
2. increased neuronal growth 3. Influence neuronal differentiation 4. acute and long-term effects of synapse formation and function 5. involved in myelination and remyelination |
|
PI3
|
cell survival
|
|
ras
|
neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation
|
|
PLC
|
activity-dependent plasticity
|
|
what happens if you remove hippocampus, amygdala, overlying temporal cortex?
|
intact long term memories
partially degraded recent memory no new memories normal retention for 30-40sec normal IQ normal motor learning |
|
characteristics of induction
|
no protein synthesis; NMDA activation; BDNF and Ca2+ dep tagging, interstion of more AMPA receptors; new spines; glutamate release changed to full fusion
|
|
characteristics of consolidation
|
changes in gene expression and protein synthesis; larger spines; microRNA translation; NMDA and BDNF mediated gene expression; target mRNAs to activated synapses; retrograde signal results in increase in probability of vesicle release
|
|
What does BDNF do for LTP?
|
interacts with TrkB receptor and stimulates expression of alphaCAMKII and Arc
also activates CREB to increase synaptic efficacy |
|
what is required fro rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton?
|
sustained synthesis of Arc
|
|
what does alphaCAMKII do?
|
tags synapses
|
|
what do secondary and tertiary visual cortices receive input from?
|
primary visual cortex, lateral geniculate, pulvinar
|
|
what do lesions in occipital eye fields produce difficulty with?
|
fixing on objects
|
|
which side is Wernicke's area on?
|
the dominant side
|
|
what do lesions in supplementary motor cortex produce?
|
inability to initiate movement
|
|
what doe lesions in frontal eye fields cause?
|
block voluntary gaze to side opposite lesions
|
|
parietal association cortex
|
afferents from somatosensory and visual cortices
attentive behavior inability to recognize objects by touch visuospatial deficits contralateral neglect Balint's syndrome |
|
what is contralateral neglect?
|
perceptual problem with damate to nondominant hemisphere
|
|
temporal association cortex
|
object recognition
lesions cause inability to recognize visual or auditory stimuli, deficits in language comprehension |
|
frontal assoication cortex
|
matures last
executive function and inhibition of impusivity, planning, personality, mood active during working memory |
|
Broca's aphasia
|
know they are struggling
halting speech, disordered comprehension intact |
|
Wernicke's aphasia
|
don't perceive a problem
fluent speech contrived or inappropriate words, but syntax and grammar are correct comprehension not intact |
|
left hemisphere's tasks
|
motor control
language math logic |
|
right hemisphere's tasks
|
face recognition
spatial skills music visual imagery |
|
what does place conditioning require?
|
hippocampus to be intact
|
|
what area of the brain is involved in response extinction?
|
pre-frontal cortex
|
|
dorsolateral prefontal
|
executive fxn
|
|
lateral orbitofrontal
|
social intelligence
|
|
angular cingulate
|
motivation
|
|
frontal lobe syndromes
|
dysexecutive syndromes like Parkinson's and Huntington's
apathy |
|
temporal lobe syndromes
|
non-classic ictal syndromes
atypical partial complex seizures |
|
parietal lobe syndromes
|
associational behavioral syndromes causing confusion, alienation, proopagnosia, delusion, denial, spatial neglect
|
|
basal ganglia syndromes
|
depressive, dementia, psychosis, schizophreniform syndromes, OCD
|
|
what hempisphere is CVA most likely to produce depression in?
|
dominant hemisphere
|
|
where do schizophrenics have reduced activity?
|
fronto-parietal and thalamic regions
|
|
left temporal lobe dysfxn
|
ideas of passivity and external control
|
|
rt. hemisphere injury
|
subtle changes in pattern recognition and linkage with familiarity
|
|
inverse agonist
|
produces post-synaptic effect opposite to that induced by an agonist
|
|
antagonist
|
prevents the effect of the agonist
|
|
what does norepineprhin do and where does it act
|
inracellular mediation of cAMP
alpha & beta adrenoceptors |
|
which serotonin receptor is ionotrophic?
|
5-HT3
|
|
what runs in anterior median sulcus?
|
anterior spinal artery
|
|
what runs between thalamus and caudate?
|
stria terminalis
|
|
what crosses floor of 4th ventricle and defines division between medulla and pons?
|
stria medullaris
|
|
what spearates motor cranial nerve nuclei (medial) or sensory cranial nerve nuclei?
|
sulcus limitans
|
|
what is the core of the brainstem?
|
tegmentum
|
|
what follows the optic tract?
|
anterior choroidal artery
|
|
what artery runs in the Sylvian fissure?
|
middle cerebral artery
|
|
where does the anterior cerebral artery run?
|
follows the corpus callosum in interhemispheric fissure
|
|
where does corona radiated come out from?
|
under putamen
|
|
what is under cingulate gyrus?
|
cingulum
|
|
what is at the head of the superior peduncle?
|
dentate nucleus
|
|
what do lesions of lower motor neurons produce?
|
decreased or absent reflexes
flaccid paralysis atrophy weakness |
|
what do lesions of upper motor neurons produce?
|
increased reflexes
loss of voluntary muscle control Babinski weakness |
|
what do lesions of cerebellum produce?
|
ataxia
|
|
what do lesions of basal ganglia produce?
|
lack of control of planned movements
involuntary movements |
