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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Axonal damage electrophysiology
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Reduced amplitude
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Demyelination electrophysiology
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Slower conduction velocity
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Axonal degeneration histological finding
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ovoids (breaking up of every myelin internode)
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Effect of nerve injury on muscles
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Fiber type grouping (loss of mosaic appearance) - first: denervation; then: re-innervation from surviving axons.
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What type of staining lets you see fiber type grouping?
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ATPase staining
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Muscle spindle afferents
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Type Ia (primary) and Type II
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Golgi tendon organ afferents
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Type Ib
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Muscle spindles detect
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stretch, length
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Golgi tendon organs detect
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tension (proprioceptive information)
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Loss of proprioceptive information from golgi tendon organ results in
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ataxia, Romberg's sign
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Muscle spindles, GTO: monosynaptic or disynaptic?
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Muscle spindles: both; GTO: disynaptic (inhibitory interneuron)
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Fasciculus cuneatus gets info from
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arms
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Fasciculus gracilis gets info from
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legs and trunk
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Clarke's nucleus: levels?
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T1-L2
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Clarke's nucleus: tract?
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posterior spinocerebellar tract (PSCT)
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Clarke's nucleus: lateralization?
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ipsilateral information to ipsilateral cerebellum through ICP (mossy fibers)
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Clarke's nucleus: what kind of info?
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Proprioceptive: muscle spindles (stretch receptors) from lower body
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head-ganglionic fibers descend from the hypothalamus in what tract?
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DLF
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What happens to muscles in ALS?
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Muscle atrophy but NO fiber-type grouping
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Brown Sequard syndrome
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spinal hemisection; ipsilateral loss of fine discrimination, light touch, proprioception (DC/ML), contralateral loss of pain and temp (STT), ipsilateral spasticity and Babinsky (CST)
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Phrenic nucleus in the spinal cord
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C3,4,5 (keep the diaphragm alive) - bilateral lesion for loss of function
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Bladder and bowel voluntary sphincter control: spinal cord level
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Sacral - bilateral lesion for loss of function
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Parasympathetic preganglionics to pelvic viscera: spinal cord level
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S2,3,4
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Bilateral lesion at S2-S4
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Impaired bladder and bowel emptying; sexual dysfunction
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Which decussation is more superior?
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Sensory = superior
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Nucleus cuneatus projects to?
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Contralateral Thalamus VPL (VP*M* = mask = face)
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Nucleus gracilis projects to?
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Contralateral Thalamus VPL (VP*M* = mask = face)
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ASA occlusion results in?
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Medial medullary syndrome; also branch of VA can cause this
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Medial medullary syndrome effects (3)
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Loss of contralateral light touch and fine discrimination (ML); UMN lesion signs on contralateral side (CST); ipsilateral paralysis and atrophy of tongue muscles and ipsilateral deviation (hypoglossal)
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PICA occlusion results in?
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Lateral medullary syndrome (Wallenburg); also branch of VA can cause this
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Climbing fibers originate where?
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Inferior olivary nucleus
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AICA occlusion damages what structures?
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CN VI and VII, nuclei and nerves
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AICA occlusion effects of CN VII?
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Paralysis of ENTIRE ipsilateral face; facial sensation intact; loss of taste in anterior 2/3 tongue; loss of tear production and salivation (parasympathetics)
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AICA occlusion effects of CN VI?
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ipsilateral eye adducted; impaired lateral eye movement on ipsilateral side; convergence and adduction intact
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Trochlear nerve decussation
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anterior medullary velum
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Which motor cranial nerve controls contralaterally
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CN IV (trochlear)
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Face pain and temp
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Spinal V nucleus and tract
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Face proprioception
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Mesencephalic nucleus of V
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UMN damage to facial nerve affects?
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Lower face. LMN CN VII damage affects whole face, tearing, salivation, and 2/3 taste
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Stain for amyloid
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Thioflavin S
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APP gene chromosome
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Chromosome 21
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PrP chromosome
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Chromosome 20
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ApoE chromosome
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Chromosome 19
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Where does optic nerve myelination start?
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Lamina cribrosa
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How does light affect photoreceptor cells electrically
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Hyperpolarizes
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How does light affect on-center bipolar cells electrically
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Depolarizes (activates)
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How does light affect off-center bipolar cells electrically
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Hyperpolarizes (deactivates)
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Pineal gland tumor causes?
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non-communicating hydrocephalus by blocking the aqueduct → papilledema and CN III lesion
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FEF lesion causes?
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Horizontal gaze palsy: inability to look to voluntarily the contralateral side
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FEF stimulation (seizures) causes?
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Sudden conjugate eye movements to the contralateral side
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Superior colliculus damage
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Deficit in saccadic eye movement
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Direction of nystagmus is defined by?
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Fast phase
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Meniere's disease
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Endolymphatic hydrops: excess fluid in inner-ear. Vestibular membrane damage.
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Inferior olivary nucleus function
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implicit/procedural memory
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Inferior olivary output fiber type
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Climbing fibers
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How do mossy fibers input info to Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
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Indirectly, through granule cells
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How do climbing fibers input info to Purkinje cells in the cerebellum?
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Directly, synapse on them. Also send collaterals to deep nuclei
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Cerebellar Purkinje cells are excitatory/inhibitory?
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Inhibitory to the deep nuclei cells
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Romberg sign and cerebellar lesions
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Romberg's test is not a test of cerebellar function. Cerebellar ataxia = unable to balance even with the eyes open
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Stretch reflex pathway
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1a afferents from muscle spindles activate alpha-motoneurons of SYNERGIST muscles
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Loss of proprioceptive information from Golgi tendon organs causes?
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Ataxia, Positive Romberg sign
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Wenicke-Korsakoff's: causes and effects
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Bilateral MB/MTT lesion; memory impairment
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