NLN Science Content

Is the smallest living unit and the basic unit of function and structure for all living things?

Living cells average about ____ water and vary in size and shape.

A __1___ cell is disk shaped whereas ___2__ cells can be very long and have extensions on their main bodies.

The _____ of the cell contains the genetic information and controls the activities of the cell.

The genetic information of the cell is called ______.

The __1___ or __2____ is what is known as a semipermeable membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid.

The fluid that surrounds the cell is called _____.

The interstitial fluid contains substances such as ___1____, ___2____, ___3____, ___4____, ___5___, ___6___.

The term _______ refers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical nature to pass through.

The _______ is the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that acts as scaffolding for the organelles.

_______ or "little organs" are specialized units in the cell that perform certain functions.

The ______ are the locations for cellular respiration, the conversion of food to energy at the cellular level. They are the sites of energy production and of ATP production.

Is a chemical the cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself.

Are the sites of protein synthesis in the cell. Some float freely and some are attached to endoplasmic reticulum?

Serves as a means for transport within the cell and is made up of many channels?

This ER has ribosomes on its surface and serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes.

This ER is free of ribosomes and is found in a variety of cells; performs a variety of functions in different cells including storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins; involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats?

This modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell?

Are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes; are responsible for digesting cell structures that are no longer living or that are malfunctioning and for digesting waste,

Plant cells can be distinguished by the fact that they are surrounded by a ______ and contain chloroplasts.

________ contain Chlorophyll, which is necessary for photosynthesis.

Plant cells also often have large ______, which are compartments in the cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion, and storage.

Cells divide for a number of reasons:
1.
2.
3.

DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of ___1____ and ___2___.

When the cell is not dividing, DNA is found in the form of loosely structured ____1____, when the cell is dividing, the DNA is seen in condensed rod shaped bodies called ____2____.

In ___1____ (nonreproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies of the parent cells, achieve by the doubling of chromosomes prior to division. This division is referred to as ____2____.

______ is useful in the growth and repair of our bodies and occurs in both plant and animal cells, though slightly differently.

Type of division that occurs in the production of gametes; consists first of a doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent divisions; the products are 4 daughter cells each with half the normal number of chromosomes.

The cell created by the union of a sperm and egg; contains a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent.

Cells with a common structure and function make up tissues. Tissues can be classified into four main categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Muscle Tissue consists of
1.
2.
3.

Epithelial Tissue consists of
1.
2.

Nervous Tissue consists of

1.

Connective Tissue consists of

1.
2.
3.
4.

Various tissues are combined into an _____, which performs a specialized function in the body.

The ______ is made up of a number of organs working together to carry out a major function.

The circulatory system includes many organs such as

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The highest level of organization is the __________ itself.

_________ is a theory regarding the processes that have produced the biological diversity we see today.

Individuals best suited to their environment survive and pass on the traits to their offspring; this is called ________.

The _______ is evidence supporting the theory of evolution and consists of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages.

Animals with backbones are called __________.

Timeline for the appearance of different Vertebrates:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals is called

The study of the comparison of organism's structures is called

The study of the comparison of organisms embryos

The study of biology at the molecular level

The study of scientific classification; group species according to their similarities and differences with each level being more specific than the one above it.

The broadest units of classification are the ____a___ of which there are 5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Next 6 classifications after Kingdoms (more specific) are

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The _______ controls entry to and exit from the cell by means of either passive or active mechanisms.

_______ involves the use of energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the membrane.

_______ does not require energy and makes use of diffusion and filtration.

In ______, particles move in a random manner, spreading evenly throughout an available space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low concentration.

A specific type of diffusion is that of water or _________.

Water moves from an area of _____1____ concentration (or low particle concentration) to an area of _____2_____ concentration (high particle concentration).

When the solute concentration of the water is the same as that inside the cell, the solution is said to be ________. The amount of water that enters and leaves the cell are equal.

When the solute is more concentrated outside the cell then inside it, the solution is ________. Water leaves the cell due to osmosis and the cell shrinks.

If the solute concentration outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell, the solution is ________. Water flows into the cell and it can burst,

_________ is the movement of water and solutes through the membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure.

______ are organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances.

______ obtain their food by consuming plants or other animals; also referred to as consumers.

___1___ may be ___2___ (plant eaters) or __3____ (plant and meat eaters).

____1_____ are ____2__ (meat eaters) or omnivores that eat herbivores.

________ are carnivores that eat other carnivores or omnivores.

______ are the most important level in the ecosystem and are known as the producers; other levels are made up of the different types of consumers.

The path along which food is transferred from level to level is called a ___1___, and the interrelationship between many food chains is called a __2___.

The _______, such as bacteria and fungi, consume nonliving organic material and release inorganic material.

Factors that affect an ecosystem are classified as ___1__ or __2___.

__1__ factors include the living parts of the ecosystem; and __2__ factors are nonliving influences such as temperature, humidity or soil composition.

_______ is the interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Symbiosis includes __1___ (in which one species benefits and one species is harmed such as a tapeworm), __2___ (in which one species benefits and one is unaffected) and __3__ (in which both species benefit).

A _____ is the entire portion of our planet that is inhabited by living things in a variety of ecosystems and communities.

Within a biosphere are groups of ecosystems that are common to the various types of geographical areas which are called _____.

Type of Biome?

____ Have little precipitation and are more arid than all other biomes.

Type of Biome?

_____ have a constant temp of 68 - 90 degrees, high humidity, constant daylight length throughout year, abundant rain (200-400cm/year). Known for their biodiversity, having more species than any other in the world.

Type of Biome?

_____ are usually found in the temperate, mid latitude regions of the world, where the air contains enough moisture to support the growth of large trees; trees include oaks, maples which drop their leaves during dry months. Temps range from season to season.

Type of Biome?

_____ or (taigas) are found at high and cool elevations, where the seasons consist of short summers and long chilly winters. These areas are characterized by conifers, such as pine and firs, which do not shed their leaves in the cold dry months.

Type of Biome?

____ are characterized by very cold temperatures and high altitude. here the conditions allow shrubs and bushes to grow, but no trees.

Type of Biome?

_______ are abundant as well and include swamps, wetlands, rivers, streams, coral reefs and estuaries.

Type of Biome:

______ occupy the oceans and are classified according to their water depth and proximity to the shoreline.

To produce their own organic molecules from the inorganic molecules in the environment, autotrophs use the process called ______.

The pigment _____ is located in the chloroplasts of plant cells and absorbs light energy. This energy in turn drives the synthesis of food molecules in plants.

The stems and leaves of most plants are covered by a ____ which is a waxy layer that helps prevent water loss through evaporation.

Plant leaves have _____ which are pores on the lower surface of the leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to be released during photosynthesis.

The flower in flowering plants or _____ is responsible for reproduction.

The ___1__ encase the flower before it blooms and the ___2__ are useful in attracting pollinators.

In the center of the petals of a flower are the __1_ and _2___.

The stamen consists of a __1__ which supports the __2___ where pollen is produced.

The Pistil consists of the __1___ ( which receives pollen), the ___2___ (which leads to the ovary) and the ___3__ (which contains the ovules and where fertilization occurs).

After plant fertilization, the ovules within the ovary develop into __1__. The walls of the ovary thicken to protect the seed and this thick fleshy protective layer is what we know and love as __2__.

All living things possess a set of instructions called _____ that determines the characteristics of an organism.

______ occur in homologous pairs, consisting of one chromosomes from each of two parents, arranged in complementary patterns and containing genes for the same traits.

Genes are found in pairs called _______.

An individual with 2 identical genes for a trait is called a ___1___ or __2___.

The ___1__ was discovered by Mendel when he observed that individuals with contrasting traits are crossed, one trait, called the ___2___ trait, is expressed and the other trait called the __3__ trait is masked.

In the notation of genetics, the dominant gene is represented by a ___1___ letter and the recessive trait by a __2___ letter.

Offspring that is _____ means that they contain one allele for each trait (one allele for tall and one for short).

A ______ is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment (its appearance).

The___1____ tells us that when 2 of these hybrids (heterozygotes) are crossed, the hidden trait becomes segregated and appears in _2__% of the offspring.

This happens because genes separate during ___1___ and recombine during ___2___.

The ____ is that genetic constitution of an individual organism.

The ________ tells us that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other.

When genes for different traits are on the same chromosome, the traits are _______.

Some traits do not show a pattern of dominance and the heterozygote for such a trait expresses a mixture of the two traits. This is called ________.

Humans have __1__ chromosomes or __2___ homologous pairs, of which __3__ pairs are autosomes (nonsex chromosomes).

Sex chromosomes are either __1__ or __2___.

An individual with two __1_ chromosomes is female and a individual with an _2_ and _3__ chromosome is a male.

For some traits, the genes are found only on the X chromosome and not the Y chromosome, and these traits are called ________.

Examples of sex linked traits are ______ and ______.

_______ is what we have been calling the gene.

Model explaining DNA first proposed by __1___ and __2___.

DNA is made up of thousands of units called ______.

Each nucleotide is composed of a __1__, a five carbon sugar called __2___ and a nitrogenous base ( either ___3___, __4__, __5__ or ___6__).

The nucleotides form long chains which are joined to form a ____.

Two strands of nucleotides are joined by __1__ connected to each other with __2_ bonds.

The bases of the DNA ladder can bond only in certain combinations:

Guanine to __1__.
Adenine to __2__.

IN RNA
Adenine to __3___.

During _____, the DNA strand opens or unzips so to speak, at the base pairs.

DNA also serves as a template for the production of _______.

___1__ differs from DNA in that it is single stranded, has the sugar __2__ in place of deoxyribose, and replaces thymine with ___3___.

The process of forming MRNA according to the information contained in the DNA molecule is called _____.

A molecule of MRNA, which is made in the __1__, moves out and is attached to a ___2__.

At the ribosomes, ______ molecules, which are coded for specific amino acids, line up along the RNA molecule at the ribosomes.

_________ are changes in the DNA nitrogenous base sequence, causing a change in the protein formed.

There are also __1___ in which either the structure or the number of chromosomes changes, resulting in such conditions as __2___ (in which a full set of chromosomes fails to separate, resulting in an individual could be 3N) or non-disjunction, in which one chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis, such as what happens in ___3____.

In a ____, light is first passed through a specimen and then through a glass lens, which bends light in such a manner that an image is magnified.

The invention of the ____ in the 1950's greatly enhanced the study of cell biology to help see internal structures of the cell that are too small to see with a light microscope.

The ____ sends a beam of electrons through a specimen and can be used to examine structures that are too small to be seen through the light microscope.

The light Microscope can magnify specimens up to __1__ times where as a electron microscope can magnify up to __2__ times.

The __1__ you may have used in school usually magnify approximately _2__ times under high power.

When using a _____, we often stain the specimen to make particular structures stand out.

___ are measurable factors or qualities that change during an experiment.

Variables are classified as __1___ or __2___.

The___1___ variable is typically the variable representing the value being manipulated or changed and the ___2__ variable is the observed result of the__3____variable being manipulated.

Factors that do not change in a experiment are called _____.

When we represent data in the form of a graph, the __1__ is always plotted on the X-axis and the __2__ variable on the Y-axis.

_____ is the breaking down of nutrients into small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Digestion is accomplished by __1___ (breaking food into smaller pieces) and __2___ (breaking nutrients into small molecules).

The process by which chemical digestion occurs is called ______ (splitting molecules by adding water).

Chemical digestion is sped up by the action of digestive ____ (hydrolases).

A tube that extends between two openings: the mouth and the anus is called the ______.

In addition to the alimentary canal, the digestive system has accessory organs which include:

1.
2.
3.

Food enters through the mouth where it is chewed (__1__) , increasing the __2__ which makes it easier to swallow and digest.

The presence of food also stimulates the ____ to release saliva, which contains ___.

__1__ breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules (__2____ and __3___).

As food is swallowed it is pushed into the ___1___ (throat) which leads to both the windpipe and the ___2___.

During swallowing, the top of the windpipe is covered by the _____ to prevent food from entering the respiratory system.

From the esophagus, the food is passed to the stomach by muscular contractions called _____.

The lining of the stomach releases ___1__, which is made up of hydrochloric acid and __2__ (protein digesting enzymes).

The environment of the stomach is __1___, having a PH of __2_ because gastric enzymes work best in this environment.

The smooth muscles of the stomach mix the partially digested food, and the result is a liquid called __1__, which is released into the __2____ in a series of small portions through the __3___.

Most of the digestion of food takes place in the __1___ which can be up to _2__ meters long in humans.

The small intestine is the major site not only for digestion but also for the ___________ into the bloodstream.

________ are secreted by intestinal glands.

Also contributing to digestion are the __1__, the ___2__ and the __3___.

The ______ helps in the breakdown of fats.

The _____ supplies a number of enzymes needed for digestion.

To facilitate absorption, the small intestine is lined with ______, which greatly increase the intestinal surface area for the absorption pf the end products of digestion into the blood lymph.

Undigested food is moved to the ___1____ or __2__, which is responsible for reabsorbing water that has entered the alimentary canal.

The waste or feces that moves along the colon by __1___ becomes increasingly solidified and is ultimately stores in the __2___ until ___3____ (elimination from the body).

__1__ is a result of peristalsis moving feces through the colon too quickly so that water is not reabsorbed, where as __2__ results from too little peristalsis and thus too much reabsorption of water.

Chemical Digestion:

Nutrient: Carbohydrate
End Product: ___1____
Enzymes: __2__, __3___, __4_
Location: Starts in __5__, completed in ___6___

Chemical Digestion:

Nutrient: Protein
End Product: ___1___
Enzyme: ___2____
Location: Starts in __3___, completed in ___4____

Chemical Digestion:

Nutrient: Lipids
End Product:_1___ and __2___
Enzyme: ___3___
Location: __4___

3 functions of the Circulatory System:

1.
2.
3.

The circulatory system is made up of the ___1___ system and the ___2___ system, which function together together to achieve these goals.

The cardiovascular system in humans is made up up of the __1_,
___2__, and __3__.

The heart consists of 4 chambers: two __1__ which receive blood, and two __2___ which pump blood to the body.

Blood enters the heart in the __1__ from the upper and lower body through veins called the __2____ and the __3____.

From there it passes through an ___1___ into the __2___. (The purpose of the valves is to prevent back flow when the ventricles contract).

The ___1__ pumps blood through the __2____ valve into the ___3__, which carry blood to the lungs.

The blood is __1___ and becomes ___2___ in lungs, where the gas exchange occurs.

Newly oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the ___1__, which returns blood to the __2___.

From there is passes through another __1____ to the __2___.

Muscular contractions of the __1__ pump blood through the __2__ to all parts of the body.

_____ from the pumping action of the heart forces blood to circulate.

When the heart contracts, the pressure increases , __1___, and when the heart relaxes the pressure lowers, which is called __2____.

The circulation of blood to the heart is called _____.

The circulation of blood through the lungs is known as ___1___, and circulation throughout the body is known as ___2___.

__1__ is considered a type of connective tissue that is made up of a variety of cells suspended in a liquid called __2__.

___1__, __2__, and __3__ make up 45% of whole blood, whereas plasma, which contains proteins, ions, hormones and gases, makes up the other __4___%.

___1__ or __2__, are responsible for transporting oxygen and they do not have nuclei or mitochondria.

To suit their main function of transporting oxygen, ___1____ are small and thin (to allow for diffusion) and each cell contains __2___ molecules of __3___, which is a oxygen carrier.

______ is a iron-rich compound, which explains the need for iron in our diet.

___1___ or ___2__ are less abundant than __3____ and are involved in host immune defense.

An _____ is indicated when the number of white blood cells exceeds the normal concentration.

_____, also found in plasma, are pieces of cells that are important in blood clotting.

As blood passes through the vessels of the ___1__, fluid and proteins can leak out. This lost fluid diffuses into __2__, which are found throughout the cardiovascular system, and it thus enters the lymphatic system.

_____ are special pockets in the in the lymphatic system where the lymph is filtered.

_____ are present lymph nodes to attack bacteria and viruses that may be present in the fluid. This is why swollen and tender lymph nodes are a sign of a infection.

There are 3 kinds of blood vessels: _1__, _2___, and __3___.

__1__transport blood away from the heart, carrying blood at relatively high pressure, this makes them __2__.

We feel a pulse in the ___.

__1_ transport blood to the heart, and they contain __2___to prevent backflow of blood as it returns to the heart.

_____ are tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.

Through the _____ (only 1 cell thick), materials enter and leave the blood.

Air enters the respiratory system through the __1___ which lead to the __2___. Here the _3__ remains open and the air travels to the __4___(the voice box).

From the Larynx, the air travels to the __1__, or windpipe, which branches into two __2___ which lead to the lungs.

Inside each lung, the branching continues, creating thinner and thinner tubes called _____.

At the end of each bronchiole is an air sac called an _____. These thin and permeable sacs are the functional units of the lung.

The deoxygenated blood arrives at the lung via the __1___ from the __2__.

__1___ is the process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs. This involves the muscular movement of the ___2___ (a sheet of muscle lining the bottom of the thoracic cavity) and of the __3__, which raises and lowers the pressure in the chest cavity.

______ pressure in the chest forces air out of the lungs.

Exhaled air has a higher concentration of __1__ and ___2__ than inhaled air.

The rate of breathing is controlled by the __1____, in response to __2__ levels in the blood.

We can show the high CO2 concentration in exhaled air by blowing into an indicator such as __1____ (which turns cloudy) or ___2__ (which turns yellow).

_____ is the process by which we get energy from the food that we eat.

Cellular Respiration can be __1____ or __2___.

________ occurs when oxygen is present and it is the opposite process o that of photosynthesis.

During __1___, a plant uses energy to convert water and carbon dioxide to glucose. In ___2__, we use glucose, at a cellular level, to obtain energy.

Aerobic respiration begins in the __1__ of the cell and ends in the ___2__ where the energy from glucose is stored in the form of ATP.

If oxygen is not present, __1___ occurs, which is less efficient, producing a lower amount of __2__.

_____, which is produced during anaerobic respiration, is a cause of sore muscles after strenuous exercise.

Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called __1___, producing __2___ rather than lactid acid.

The nervous system directly regulates __1___ and responds to __2____.

The functional unit of the nervous system is the ____.

At rest, neurons have an electrical potential due to differences in __1___ and __2__ ion concentrations across the cell membrane.

Generally, an __1__ is generated when the __2__ of a neuron are stimulated by the environment or by another neuron.

The stimulus results in a moving ______.

The impulse travels from the __1__ along the __2__ until it reaches the ends, or __3___.

This triggers the release of __1___, which travel across __2___ and may trigger other neurons and muscles.

Axons may have _____, which help transmit impulses faster.

There are three main types of neurons:

1.
2.
3.

______ transmit impulses from sense organs and receptors.

______ make up the brain and spinal cord.

______ carry impulses from interneurons to skeletal and visceral muscles and glands.

____ are groups, or bundles, of axons of sensory and or motor neurons.

The _____ includes other types of cells that nourish and support the neurons.

The nervous system is usually divided into two subsystems:

1.
2.

The _____ includes the brain and spinal cord.

The __________ includes the nerves and sense receptors.

The __1__ is responsible for transmitting information to and from the __2__, which is responsible for processing information.

The PNS is further divided into two branches:

1.
2.

The ___ branch is concerned with external environment.

The ____ branch is concerned with the internal environment.

A ___1__ carries out simple, quick, and automatic responses to certain stimuli. __2__ actions are commonly defensive and do not necessarily involve the brain.

The ________ extends from the brain downward and is enclosed by the bones of the vertebral column or spine.

The spinal cord passes messages to and from the __1___ and acts as the center for __2__ actions.

The brain is protected and enclosed within the ___1__ and is divided into __2__ areas.

The three areas of the brain:

1.
2.
3.

The _____ is located below and behind the cerebrum. It is responsible for muscular coordination and balance.

The _____ makes up the largest portion of the human brain and is the site of complex and high-level thinking. Conscious and voluntary actions are controlled here, as are other functions such as speech, vision, hearing and memory.

The ______ control basic homeostatic functions such as body temperature, blood pressure, and breathing.

An important function of the _____1____ is to maintain _____2___, which is the body's way of keeping its internal environment stable by means of secretions from the ___3___ glands.

Endocrine glands are also called ____1___ glands because they secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

___1____ are chemicals that act as messengers and that help control the important processes of growth, ___2_____, reproduction, osmotic balance, and development.

Most hormones work by binding to a specific type of cell by means of a __1__ and influencing the _2__ of the cell.

Hormones are usually activated by some kind of ___1___.

One example of a hormone is _______.

When the glucose levels in the bloodstream start to decline, the stimulus for the release of insulin ___1___ as well. This sort of hormone release regulation is called a __2____ and prevents over-secretion of hormones,

Gland: Pituitary Gland
Location: ___1___
Hormones: ____2___
Function: ____3___

Gland: Thyroid Gland
Location: ____1____
Hormones: ___2____
Function: ___3____

Gland: Parathyroid Gland
Location: ____1____
Hormones: ___2____
Function: ___3_____

Gland: Adrenal Gland
Location: ____1____
Hormones: ___2____
Function: ___3____

Gland: Isles of Langerhans
Location: ___1___
Hormones: ___2___
Function: ____3____

Gland: Testes (male gonad)
Location: ___1___
Hormones: ___2___
Function: ____3____

Gland: Ovaries (female gonad)
Location: ___1___
Hormones: ___2___
Function: ____3____

The musculoskeletal system is compose of __1__, __2___, and __3___.

Blood cells are made in the ______ of the long bones.

Bones contain ________, which produce a hard, calcium-rich extracellular matrix.

Blood vessels extend through bone, providing __1__ and __2__ and taking away __3___.

More than _____ bones make up the skeleton.

The _________ portion of the skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum.

The _____ skeleton is made up of the bones of the shoulders, arms, pelvis and legs.

_____ connect the bones of the skeleton.

_____ are immovable joints that join the bones of the skull, permitting growth but no movement.

The shoulders and hips have _____ joints.

The elbows and knees have ____ joints.

_1__ or __2_ joints are found at the wrists.

3 diseases that affect the skeletal system are:

1.
2.
3.

______ is a disease caused by calcium loss, often found in older people, especially postmenopausal women

____ is a degenerative bone and joint disease.

____ is a degenerative joint disease caused by autoimmune response

____ connect bones to other bones.

____ connect muscles to bones.

______ cushions bones at the joints.

___ are among the most active cells in the body, using an enormous amount of energy in the form of ATP.

The human body has 3 types of muscles:

1.
2.
3.

____ is also involuntary and found in the internal organs of the digestive tract and in blood vessels.

__1____ is also called __2____ due to the microscopic appearance of the individual muscle cells or fibers. They move bones and are responsible for voluntary movements.

Many skeletal muscle are found in __1__ pairs. In such a pair, one muscle, the __2__ bends or moves a limb away from the anatomical position.

The other muscle, the _____, returns the limb to the anatomical position.

The ____ are the principal excretory organs of the body.

The outer portion of the kidneys is the ___1___, and the inner portion is called the __2____.

The functional unit of the kidney is the ____.

The nephron consists of the ___1____, ___2____, ___3___, __4___, and the ___5____.

Blood, under pressure, enters the capillaries of ____1____, which is located inside the cup shaped ____2___.

Materials in the blood, such as water, soluble salts, urea and soluble nutrients, diffuse out of the blood into _______.

As filtrate passes through the tubules of the __1___, the water, nutrients, and ions are reabsorbed into the blood by diffusion, __2__, or active transport into capillaries surrounding the tubules.

The concentrated mixture of wastes that is left in the tubules forms __1__ which enters the collecting tubules to the __2___.

The __1__ transport urine to the __2___ for storage.

Urine is excreted through the _____, which is near the vagina in females and through the penis in males.

In addition to kidneys, the ___1__, _2____ and ___3__ function in excretion.

Sexual reproduction starts with the fusion of two __1___ (sperm and eggs) to form a ___2__ ( the united sperm and egg).

Each gamete is __1___ (or haploid), meaning it contains __2__the normal complement of chromosomes.

Since the zygote is created from the union of a sperm and an egg, it contains the full complement of chromosomes and is thus called _________.

In the male, the genitalia, or the external reproductive organs, are the __1__ and the __2__.

The internal reproductive organs consist of the _____, the primary male reproductive organs.

The testes contain __1___, where sperm is formed, and ___2__, which produce male sex hormones such as __3___.

When sperm is produced in the __1__, it then travels into the __2___, which is made of coiled tubes that store sperm while they mature.

The sperm are sent through the __1___ during ejaculation into the _2____ to the ___3___ to the __4___.

In the female, the primary reproductive organs are the __1___, which produce both eggs and the hormones __2__ and __3___.

Inside the ovaries are __1___, each of which contains an immature egg called an ___2___.

When fully mature, the follicle releases the egg in the stage called ______, which occurs around every 28 days.

The egg then travels through the ____, where it can be fertilized.

If fertilized, the egg travels to the __1__, where it becomes implanted in the uterine lining, also called the __2___, and remains there for the rest of its development.

If the egg is not fertilized, the ___1____ is shed, and it thickens again in preparation for the possibility of implantation in the next cycle. The shedding is a process known as ____2____.

If fertilization occurs, the developing embryo implants itself in the _1__, where it develops during its __2__ period of 9 months.

Tissues of the mother and embryo grow together to form the _____.

The ___1__ is connected to the placenta by the __2___.

At the front of the eyeball, the transparent _____ allows light to enter the eye.

Behind the cornea is the __1__, which not only gives our eyes color but also changes in __2__, regulating how much light is allowed to enter the __3__, which is in the middle of the iris.

The ___ focuses light onto the retina, its shape being changed by attached muscles.

The __1__ is the innermost layer of the eyeball ans contains __2_ types of photoreceptor cells.

____ are sensitive to light, distinguish between black and white, and allow us to see at night.

__1__ allow us to distinguish colors in the day. When they are stimulated by light, the photoreceptor cells transmit the information along the __2__ to the brain.

The ___ is responsible not only for hearing but for balance as well.

The anatomy of the ear can be divided into three regions:

1.
2.
3.

The __1__ collects sounds and transmits them to the ___2__, which separates the outer ear from the middle ear.

In the _1___, the vibrations produced by sound are transmitted through three small bones: __2____, ___3___, and __4____.

As the vibrations pass through the ___, they enter the inner ear.

The middle ear is also connected to the __1__, which opens into the __2__.

The tube equalized the pressure between the _1___ and the _2___, sometimes making your ears "pop".

The _____ has many channels containing fluid that moves in response to your movement or to sound.

Sounds coming into the inner ear moves the fluid, causing the _1__, a part of the inner ear, to __2__ (or convert) the movement into signals or action potentials.

Movement of the small hairs in a portion of the cochlea influences the signals sent from ____ to the brain.

The ______ are involved in balance

_____ in the tongue and nasal passage receive stimuli from the internment and are associated with you sense of taste and smell.

Chemistry is the study of ____, which is a substance that has mass and occupies space.

A __1__ is any material, all samples of which have the same composition and properties (a mixture is not a ___2___).

All matter is made up of __1__, and the properties of matter can be explained by the __2__ making it up.

An __1__ is the smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

Atoms contain three types of subatomic particles:

1.
2.
3.

_____ carry a positive charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom.

____ are neutral and are also found in the nucleus.

____ carry a negative charge and are found outside the nucleus and arranged according to their energy level.

An ____ is identified by its symbol and its atomic number.

The ____ is equal to the number of protons found in the nucleus of each of its atoms.

The __1___ of an atom is equal to the number of __2___ (protons + neutrons) in its nucleus.

To find the number of protons in an atom, just look at its _____.

For the atom to be neutral, the number of __1___ in a atom must __2__ the number of protons.

To find the number of neutrons in an atom, subtract the __1__ from the __2__ of the element.

Because carbon carries no charge, it is _____.

Sometimes atoms of the same element can be found with different __1__ and therefore with different numbers of __2__.

The number of _____ never changes because that would make the atom a different element.

Nitrogen always has __1___ protons, and carbon always has __2__ protons.

Atoms of the same element (with the same number of protons) that contain a different number of neutrons are called _____.

An example is 14C (carbon-14). The notation "14" before the element symbol is the ___1___ of the isotope; it equals the number of _2__ and __3__.

Since carbon has _1__ protons, carbon-14 has __2__ neutrons (14- _3__).

The ____ of an element is a weighted average of the mass numbers of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element.

Some isotopes are radioactive, these are called _______.

The number of electrons can change as well because an atom can gain or lose electrons. When the number of electrons does not equal the number of ___1__, the atom carries a __2__.

Charged atoms are called _____.

A neutral sodium atom has __1__ protons and _2__ electrons.

A sodium ion , which forms by losing an electron has 23 ___1_____ and 22 ___2___.

Losing an electron is the same as losing one unit of ___1__.

An ion with a positive charge is called a ______.

An ion with a negative charge is called an ______; it has more electrons than protons.

__1___ are found at different energy levels of an atom. When in the outermost energy level, they are called __2___.

Elements with small atomic numbers may have a maximum of _1__ valence electrons. All other elements may have a maximum of __2__ valence electrons.

The __1__ contains all the known elements, arranged in horizontal rows called __2___, in order of increasing atomic number.

The columns or __1__ on the table contain elements with similar properties because of their similar __2____.

From left to right across a period, the elements move from __1__ on the left hand side of the chart to __2__ and finally __3__ on the right hand side.

The last group on the right is the ____, which have full valence shells and are inert.

There are many more __1__ than __2__.

An atom becomes more stable as its electron configuration becomes like that of a _____.

This means _1__ valence electrons for small atoms and _2__ valence electrons for all others.

The __1___ states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have _2__ electrons in their valence shells, giving them the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.

Atoms can achieve this stable configuration by _1__, __2__, or _3__ electrons.

When an atom loses electrons, it becomes a positive _____.

When an atom gains electrons, it becomes a _____ ion.

Positive and negative ions attract each other forming an ______.

We can represent the valence shell of atoms using _______.

Sodium and chloride ions attract each other, forming a _______.

___1__ have high melting and boiling points, but dissolve in polar solvents such as __2__.

Some atoms form molecules by sharing pairs of electrons, forming what is known as a ________.

When two atoms share electrons equally, we say the bond is a _______.

If two different atoms form a _____, they share electrons unequally, the electrons being held closer to one atom than to another.

__1___ is an example; shared electrons are held closer to chlorine than to hydrogen. This makes the chlorine end of the molecule slightly negative and the hydrogen end of the molecule slight positive, hence a __2__.

Compounds can have a _1__, __2__, or _3__ covalent bonds.

If a molecule has polar covalent bonds and the distribution of charge is unequal so that the molecule has a positive and a negative end, the molecule is called a ______ (two poles).

Dipoles attract each other, other dipoles and __1__, and they have higher __2__ and __3__ points than nonpolar molecules.

A special type of dipole attraction is the ______.

_____ are solvents that are dipoles.

____ is a dipole and so it has many special properties, such as surface tension and capillary action.

An ____ is a simple substance, made up of one type of atom.

A ____ is a substance made up of two or more different atoms bonded together.

An element __1__ be broken down into anything simpler; a compound can be broken down into __2___.

Matter can be found in different phases:

1.
2.
3.

A ____ does not take the shape of the container it is in and does not flow, and its particles have very little movement.

In the ____ form, the attractions between the atoms or molecules are weak, and the particles move around in a random and erratic manner. If placed in a container, it takes the shape of its container and spreads to fill its volume.

A ____ has more attraction between its particles. It takes the shape of the container it is in, but it does not vary its volume.

The process that takes a solid to a liquid is __1___, and the process that turns a liquid to a gas is __2___.

The gas to liquid conversion is called _____.

A liquid turns to a solid by _____.

The direct change between the solid phase and the gaseous phase without an apparent liquid phase is called _______.

___1___ undergoes sublimation when heated, and __2___ does the same when exposed to room temperature.

During a phase change, the amount of heat that is input or extracted from the substance _1__, but the temperature __2___

This is because all of the heat is being used to change the __1___ of the substance, not the __2__.

The evaporating and condensing points of water are both ____.

All liquids tend to evaporate and all gasses tend to condense, eventually reaching ______.

In a closed system, the evaporated gas above a liquid exerts a pressure called ____, which is specific for each liquid and at each temperature.

For a liquid to boil, its vapor pressure must be ___ to the pressure on it.

At high altitudes where the barometric pressure is __1__, liquids boil at _2__ temperatures.

A ______ differs from a substance in that its composition may vary from one sample to the next

__1_, __2_, and _3__ are examples of mixtures.

A ____ mixture is one in which the composition does not vary within the sample.

A good example of a homogenous mixture is a ____, such as a tablespoon of sugar thoroughly dissolved in a cup of hot water.

In a solution, the substance that does the dissolving is called the __1__, and the substance being dissolved is the __2__.

A ____ is a solution in which the solvent is alcohol.

Homogenous mixtures such as __1__ can be separated by physical means such as ___2__ or __3___.

A _____ mixture is one in which the composition may vary within a sample.

An _____ refers to a liquid dispersed in another liquid in which it is not soluble, such as oil and vinegar.

The addition of certain substances called _____, stabilize emulsions.

Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by physical means such as _____.

Iron left exposed to the environment reacts with oxygen in the air; the result is a new compound, _____.

This type of change in which a substance changes into a new and different substance is a _______.

Now take, for instance, the melting of a ice cubes, the result is a glass of water. This is a ____ change, a change in which the substance undergoing the change remains the same.

Many types of __1__ or __2___ may be shown with chemical equations.

The substances that react with each other are written on the __1___ of the equation, and they are called __2___.

The substances that are the end products of the reaction are written on the __1__ of the equation, and they are the __2___.

The _________ tells us that matter is neither created nor destroyed.

The same number of atoms of each element must be present on _____ of an equation.

When we look at chemical reactions, we think of substances combining in quantities called ____.

A mole is equal to ____. You can think of it as a quantity sort of like a dozen or a gross.

__1__ or ___2__ involve two or more reactants that combine to create a new product.

______ involve an element reacting with a compound. During this reaction, an atom of the single element replaces an element in the compound.

___1____ involve two ionic compounds. The positive ions, or metal, in each compound __2___ positions.

A common type of double displacement reaction is an __1____. The products are always a _2___ and __3__.

Since the products are neutral (neither acidic nor basic), these specific types of displacement reactions are called _____.

Remember that in a aqueous solution, an __1__ donates hydrogen ions and a __2__ donates hydroxide ions.

The _____ was created to identify the strength of an acid or a base (or alkaline) depending on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.

The PH scale runs from _1__ to _2__ with a PH below 7 as __3__, and a PH above 7 as __4__, and a PH of 7 as __5__(neither acidic or basic).

A PH of 0 indicates an extremely __1__, where as a PH of 6 indicates that the acid is __2__.

A substance that changes color in an acid or base is called an __1___, such as litmus (_2__ in acid, __3__ in base).

Phenolphthalein turns _1_ in a acid and _2__ in a base.

Bromthymol blue turns ___ in an acid.

A PH of 14 indicates a __1___, and a PH of 8 indicates the base is __2__.

___1____ involve one reactant that is broken down into two or more simpler products. Often __2__ is used to drive this type of reaction.

A reaction depends on 2 things:

1. The two substances must __1__.
2. Enough __2___ has to be available. If the appropriate amount of __3___ is available, then the reaction can proceed.

______ are thus influenced by any factors that affect these two conditions.

The reaction rate is increased by raising ____ because an elevated temperature causes particles to move around in a quicker and more erratic manner.

The increased movement heightens the probability that ____ will come into contact.

Increasing the ____ of a substance also boosts reaction rate.

A very important influence on rate is that of a ____, which are substances that increase the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy needed.

It is important to remember that catalysts only affect the ____ and are not used up in it.

A reaction that releases energy is called _____; its products contain less energy than its reactants.

A reaction that absorbs energy is called _____; its products contain more energy than its reactants.

Most chemicals reactions do not go to completion but instead reach ____; where the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

Organic Chemistry is the study of __1____, which are compounds that contain __2___.

Examples of organic compounds include __1__, such as methane or butane, ___2__ such as ethers and esters.

Organic compounds are often represented with ___1___. These are similar to Lewis diagrams, but they use a ____ in place of a _____ to represent a bond.

______ is the chemistry of living things.

Among the organic compounds that are important in biochemistry are:
1.
2.
3.
4.

___1__ contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the ration of hydrogen to oxygen is typically _2__.

Carbohydrates can be found in different_1__ and are classified by _2__.

_____ are the so-called simple sugar.

_____ are made from two monosaccharides and include table sugar, or surcrose.

_______ are chains of monosaccharides and are commonly known as starch and glycogen.

___1__ is formed in plants, where as __2__ is found in animals.

A common test for the presence of starch is ___1___ (iodine), which turns __2__ in the presence of starch.

A common test for monosaccharides is ___1__, which when heated with a simple sugar, turns __2__.

_____ are fats and steroids.

Fats are made of __1__ and __2__.

Each fat molecule is made up of __1__ glycerol molecule attached to __2__ fatty acids.

In saturated fats, the bonds between the carbons are __1__; in unsaturated fats, the bonds tend to be __2__ or __3__ bonds.

__1__ are made up of amino acids, of which there are about __2__ types.

The amino acids are linked in ___ and the sequence determines the properties of the proteins.

Examples of proteins include __1___( making up cartilage, tendons, bones), __2___, and __3___ (hair and nails).

A common test for the presence of proteins is ____.

Two important types of reactions are __1___ and __2___.

______ is a reaction in which small units, such as monosaccharides or amino acids, are joined to form larger molecules.

In dehydration synthesis, one molecule gives up a __1__ and the other an __2__ to form water, and the two molecules bond.

_1__ is the opposite of dehydration synthesis; a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by adding __2__ and putting the H and OH back.

The __1__ of an object is the distance that an object is from some starting point, and its measured in __2__.

When a object is ___, its displacement is constantly changing.

Motion is described by displacement, __1__ (speed), and __2__.

_____ is the distance traveled by an object per unit of time.

Formula for calculating speed?

__1___ is speed in a given direction; it therefore tells us two things about a moving object: Its _2__ and _3__.

Sometimes velocity as well as displacement can change with time. The rate of change in velocity is called ____, which refers to any change of velocity, either positive for negative.

_____ is sometimes used to refer to negative acceleration or a decrease in velocity and can cause a change in direction.

Formula for calculating acceleration?

Velocity and acceleration can both be described using _1__ because they have both _2___ and _3__.

Speed is not a vector quantity because it does not specify ____.

An object traveling at a specific velocity has a quantity called _____. All objects have it.

Formula for calculating momentum?

____ is equal to the mass of an object multiplied by its velocity.

The ___ of an object is the amount of matter in it.

One of the main laws of classical physics is the _____, which states that the total momentum of an isolated system is always constant.

During a collision between two bodies, the momentum of each body __1__, but the total momentum is __2__. None of the momentum is lost. One object may lose momentum, but the momentum lost by the one object is gained by the other.

When a moving object hits a stable object, such as a bullet hitting a wall. the bullet delivers an __1__ to the wall, and this is said to be the change in the objects __2__.

______ is based on the application of Newtons Law's.

Newtons __1___ describes the relationship between _2__, mass, and acceleration. It states that the force applied on an object equals the mass of the object times its acceleration.

Formula for Newtons Second Law?

Newtons __1__, the law of _2___, states that objects in motion tend to stay in motion and that objects at rest tend to stay at rest.

____ is the property of matter that resists any change in motion.

Newtons ____ law explains why a small car has better gas mileage than a big car, The force required to accelerate the big car (with greater mass) is greater than the force required to accelerate the small car. The big car therefore has to burn more gas in its engine to produce the additional force.

The __1__ (N) is the unit that represents a force that accelerates a mass of __2___ per second.

Whenever a force is exerted on an object along a surface, or whenever an object has a velocity along the surface, and the two surfaces touch, there is a force called ____.

In the case of a box being pushed along a floor, friction _____ the notion or the force being applied

The force of friction is always in the direction to ____ the object from moving.

_____ is the force of attraction between all objects in the universe.

The greater the __1__ of an object is, the greater its __2___ will be.

The force due to gravity __1__ the same on every object but depends on the object's __2__.

The acceleration ____ earth is the same for all objects, independent

The pull of gravity on an object determines its ____.

A change in the force of gravity results in a change in an object's weight but not in its _____.

The earth has more __1___ than the moon. So the earth exerts a greater __2___ than the moon. On the moon you would weigh about ___3__ of what you weigh earth.

The force of gravity between two objects __1__ as the distance between the objects ___2__.

A way to compare substances in terms of heaviness so that they are comparable is to use ____.

Formula to calculate density?

The ability of a force that is applied perpendicularly to rotate an object around an axis, such as using a wrench to turn a bolt, is measured by a quantity called ______, which is the perpendicular force times the lever arm.

The ____ is the distance from the axis of rotation to the point where the force is exerted ( e.g., the length of the wrench).

The __1__ the force is from the axis of rotation, the __2__ it is to rotate the object and the more _3__ is produced.

To keep a ball at the end of a string moving in a circle, you must continually exert a force pulling the ball back toward the _1__ of the circle; this force is called __2__

Newtons _____ of motion states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

A rocket works on Newtons ___ law; the blast from the back of the rocket pushes the rocket forward.

In mechanics, objects are defined as having _____; this is the ability to do work.

There are two types of energy:
1.
2.

____is the energy stored in a body because of its position. When you lift an object up, you provided it with this type of energy.

___ is energy associated with motion. Any moving body has this type of energy because it is able to do work by moving other bodies.

The ___ energy of a body tells us how much work that body can do by moving other bodies until it is brought to rest.

Formula for calculating Kinetic energy?

When you do work on an object, you change its ___ by giving it some of your own.

____ is defined as the product of the force applied to an object and the distance through which force is applied.

Formula for calculating Work?

A __1__ is the unit of energy equal to the work done by a force of __2__ acting over a distance of __3__.

_____ is the rate at which work is done.

Formula for calculating power?

A ___ is a device that makes work easier by changing the force or the direction of an applied force.

The __1__ of a machine is the work done divided by the energy used to power the machine, or the _2__ of work input to work the output.

Because of ___, no machine can be 100% efficient.

There are six simple machine:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

____ is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.

____ is a slanted surface used to raise a object.

A ___ is a chain or rope wrapped around a wheel.

A ___ is a moving inclined plane.

A _____ act ad a lever that rotates in a circle.

A ___ is a simple machine that is free to move around a fulcrum when force is applied.

A ____ is a combination of two or more simple machines.

All matter is made up of ___, which are the smallest particles of an element that retain all the chemical properties of the element.

According to the __1___, the atoms in matter are in a constant state of motion. The motion and spacing of atoms determine the state of __2___.

The three ordinary states of matter are __1__, __2__, and _3__.

When matter is in the gas or liquid state, ____, which are groups of atoms, are free to move around.

__1__ and __2__ do not have definite shapes of their own.

When liquid or gas is placed in a container, the __1__ or __2___ move around freely in the container and take its shape.

These molecules move in all possible directions and keep colliding with the ____ of the container.

Each time a __1___ collides with the wall, it delivers an __2__ to the wall.

The __1__ the quantity of gas or liquid in a container, the more frequent the __2___ are.

____ is the result of the impulses from the collision of molecules within the walls of the container.

There are two important laws in Thermodynamics:

1.
2.

____ defines the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas. The volume of a fixed amount of gas varies directly with the temperature, If the temp of a gas increases, the volume increases.

___1___ states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas varies inverse with the pressure of the gas. If the volume of the gas is __2__, both the number of particle collisions and the pressure of the gas increase. If the volume of the gas is __3__, the pressure of the gas decreases.

____ is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance. It tells how warm or cold a substance is with respect to other substances.

_____ determines whether a substance gains or gives up heat when put into contact with other bodies.

____ is a form of energy that causes the particles of matter to move faster and farther apart.

The ____ of a substance is the heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram by 1 degree.

When the temperature of a substance changes, its phase may change. ____ refers to physical change of a substance from one state to another. (heated ice melts)

The _____ is the heat energy needed per unit mass to change the phase of a substance.

In science, the most commonly used temperature scale is the ___ scale.

Two other scales are the _1__ scale and the __2__ or absolute temperature, scale.

The ___ is the temperature at which ice melts or water freezes.

On the Fahrenheit scale, the ice point is __1__; on the Celsius scale the ice point is __2__.

The __1__ is the point at which water at standard pressure boils. On the Celsius scale the steam point is __2__ and __3__ on the Fahrenheit scale.

The _____ (273.16K) on the Kelvin scale is the temperature at which water exists simultaneously as a gas, a liquid, and a solid.

On the kelvin scale, the lowest possible temperature is known as _1___, or __2___ (0K).

Formula for converting temperature Celsius to Temperature Fahrenheit?

Celsius to Fahrenheit

Formula for converting temperature Fahrenheit to temperature Celsius?

Fahrenheit to Celsius

To convert Celsius to Kelvin?

Covert Kelvin to Celsius?

____ is a change in position relative to a frame of reference.

A __1__ is a rhythmic disturbance that travels through matter or space, and __2___ is a means of transferring energy.

The two basic types of waves are __1__ and __2__ waves.

A ____ is a wave in which matter vibrates at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels.

A _____ is a wave in which matter vibrates back and forth along the path that the wave travels.

_____ is motion that repeats itself over and over again, such as the motion of a pendulum.

A ____ is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals and that transfers energy but not mass.

The time it takes for motion to repeat itself is measured in seconds and is called a ____.

A ___ is equal to one complete repetition of a periodic event.

The ____ (f) of a wave tells us how often a cycle repeats itself in a specific time unit.

Frequency is often measured in ____ (Hz), which is equivalent to cycles per second.

____ refers to the maximum distance a wave rises or falls as it travels and it is related to the energy that the wave carries.

For example, amplitude relates to the _1_ with light waves and to the __2_ with sound waves.

The louder the sound or the brighter the light is, the ____ the amplitude is.

The __1__ of a transverse wave is the maximum upward placement, and the __2__ is the maximum downward displacement.

The ____ of a transverse wave is the distance between two successive crests.

____ is the frequency of the wave times the wavelength.

The phenomena of ____ is the bending of waves around an obstacle.

When two waves meet, they combine to make a new wave; how the waves interact with each other when they go through the same portion of a medium at the same time is called _____.

_____ between two systems occurs when the vibration of one system results in the vibration of the other system at the same frequency.

Light waves are made up of streams of ____, or tiny packets of energy.

The amount of energy in the photons determines the _____ produced.

Light waves are called _____ because the moving photons generate electric and magnetic fields.

The complete spectrum of light, arranged in order of their wavelengths, is called the _____.

____, only a small part of this spectrum, is the portion that is visible to the human eye.

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The photons of __1__ contain a moderate amount of energy, while _2__ are made up of high-energy photons and __3__ are made up of low-energy photons.

_____ have the highest energy photons and the shortest wavelengths of all the electromagnetic waves.

_____ are longitudinal waves; they vibrate in the direction of their motion.

The ___ of a sound wave has to do with the frequency.

High frequency sounds waves have a __1__, and a low frequency sound wave has a __2__.

The ____ of a sound wave is determined by its amplitude.

The ____ occurs whenever there is relative motion between the source of waves and the observer.

When a light wave bounces off a surface that does not absorb its energy, it is __1__. The type of surface that light strikes determines the kind of __2__.

____ is the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another because light moves at different speeds through different mediums.

As light passes from one medium to another, it either _1__ or __2__.

A __1__ is a piece of glass that separates light into its component colors. This phenomenon is called ___2__.

A ___ is a any transparent material that refracts light.

When parallel rays of light pass through a lens, they are refracted so that they either __1__ or __2__.

A lens that is thicker in the center than it is at the edges is a ____.

When parallel rays of light pass through a convex lens, they __1__ or bend toward the _2__.

The ___ is the point at which the light rays meet.

A ____ is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle.

When light rays pass through a concave lens, they ____ because they are bent toward the edges, or thickest part, of the lens.

Images of an object produced by concave lenses are ___ than the object.

Two types of electric charge in our universe are __1___ and __2___.

Some particles have no charge (__1__), some have a positive charge (__2___), and some have a negative charge (__3___).

Like charges __1__ each other, and unlike charges __2__ each other.

__1___ applies to this force of attraction and repulsion; the electric force between two charges is proportional to the product of the two charges. If one __2__ is doubled, the _3__ force is doubled.

Coulomb also found that if if both charges are doubled, the electric force increases ___ times.

When the distance between 2 forces doubles, the force between them decreases to _1__ of the original force. When two forces are brought closer together, the force between them __2__.

Electricity is closely related to ___, which is a force of attraction.

All magnets have a north and a south pole, each of which _1__ its opposite and _2__ its similar pole.

___ exists whenever electric charges are moving.

When the moving charges are in a wire that loops, a ___ results. The result is the basis for electric motors.

A ___ is a device that converts mechanical energy, such as water coming down a waterfall, into electric energy.

The connection between electricity and magnetism can be seen in a __1___. For example, a wire wrapped around a nail and then connected to a battery will carry a _2__.

This will generate a __1__ perpendicular to the circuit. Increasing the number of coils increases the __2__ of the magnetic field.

_____ can be compared to the gravitational force associated with an objects position; because of the force, the object has potential energy.

Similarly, electrical potential energy is associated with the potential interaction of _____.

_____ is the change in electrical potential energy.

The devise that changes the potential difference of electricity is called a _____.

____, another term for potential difference, is a measure of the electrical energy available.

A ____ is a device that measures the potential difference between two points in an electric circuit.

Electricity moving through a circuit is called a ____.

An ___ is the unit used to measure electrical current.

An ____ is a device that measures the current going through any specific point on the circuit.

The way by which the ability to flow through a circuit is limited is a ____, which lowers voltage.

There are two different types of circuits:

1.
2.

A ____ has all its resistors in a row so that all current must travel through all resistors.

In a ____, all resistors are arranged side by side, so that they are all at the same voltage.

Formula for calculating power?

Power is expressed in ____.

Formula for calculating watts?

The atom has a nucleus of __1___ and __2__ and the nucleus is surrounded by __3___.

The mass of a nucleus is __1__ then all the protons and neutrons that make it up. The mass difference is known as the __2__.

The mass defect represents the ___ in the bonds holding the nucleus together.

It was also discovered that an atom's nucleus could spontaneously disintegrate while giving off energy in the form of _1__ and __2_ particles and _3___.

This phenomenon is known as ____.

The spontaneous change in the nucleus of an atom is known as ____.

The conversion of one element into another element is referred to as _____.

When a radioactive nucleus goes through a transmutation, it is called _____.

There are two main processes of nuclear reactions:

1.
2.

In ___, a heavy nucleus splits into two main pieces with the release of a huge amount of energy.

The only theory that can accurately explain the behavior of light is _____, which asserts that the behavior of light is actually an interesting combination of particles and waves.

AN example that illustrates this wave-particle duality is the _____.

When a light wave strikes certain metallic surfaces, __1__ are emitted. This effect, called __2__ means that an atom loses electron (or several electrons) and becomes an __3__.

Albert Einsteins _____, devised in 1905, was one of the greatest accomplishments of modern physics.

The main consequence of this theory identification of the existence of an upper limit on ___.

This upper limit (___, also known as the speed of light through a vacuum) is the fastest that any particle can travel.

According to this theory, the speed of light is __1__, and material __2__ can never reach the speed of light.

Ohm's Law Equation?