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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is passivity?
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turning anger inward and might be unaware of underlying anger (see themselves as good, kind, congenial and helpful.) may indirectly damage or destroy relationships/intimacy.
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Assertiveness?
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direct expression of feeling
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Passive aggression
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expression of anger indirectly and undermine others in various subtle, evasive ways
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Verbal aggression
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tend to have repetitve patterns and indicate major warning sign of assualt and battery
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Physical aggression
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battery
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What is the etiology of aggression?
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Limbic system, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, neurotrans (serotonin, GABA, dopamine)
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What does the social-psychological model for agression etiology state?
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interaction of individuals with their social envt and locate the source of violence
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Sociocultural model
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social structures. e.g. gang activity to explain violence.
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Name the stages of the assault cycle
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triggering, escalation, crisis, recovery and postcrisis/depression
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What is the criteria for Intermittent Explosive Disorder?
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Several episodes of loss of control resulting in serious assaultive acts or property destruction
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What is characteristic of an episode of intermittent Explosive disorder?
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Degree of aggression out of proportion to precipitating stressor
Doesn't fit with another mental disorder Prior to episode is head pressure, palpitations, tremors, chest tightness |
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Nurses often feel inadequate when a pt becomes aggressive. What is the best way to help the patient.
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reassure the patient that help is available to regain control and deal more constructively with the environmental stressed that caused the initial problems and hospitalization
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What are Milieu elements contributing to escalation?
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Excessive stimuli
Overcrowding Lack of resources for energy expenditure Perceived lack of control of life/freedom Lack of activities |
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What are variables that may lead a pt to be agressive?
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Predisposing comorbidities (Severe pain, confusion, malnutrition, infection, etc)
History of family violence/abuse etc. |
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Three steps to assess the angry (nonviolent aggressive) pt?
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1) source of pts anger
2) target of pts anger 3) likelihood of escalation |
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What is the nursing intervention for the triggering phase of the assault cycle?
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calm, clear, simple communication
Suggest a time-out in room Offere safe tension-reduction measures |
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What is the nursing intervention for the escalation phase of the assault cycle?
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take charge
Maintain safe distance State observation that pt is losing control Offer time-out or voluntary seclusion Have staff on standby to show determination** |
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What is the nursing intervention for the crisis phase of the assault cycle?
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Verbal limits ineffective
External control essential Seclusion or restraint Stat IM medication Follow hospital protocols Document completely Staff training in aggression management essential |
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What is the nursing intervention for the recovery and postcrisis phase of the assault cycle?
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Provide support and reassurance
Staff debriefing Document incident Process with other patients Process with patient via discussion |
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how many pp for restrain during the crisis phase?
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6-8 staff (show force), impose phsyical control, administer IM med, MD eval and follow protocol for care and documentation
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After a pt is restrained during a crisis, how long do you have to get an order for the MD for the restraints?
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within 1 hour written order required
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First-line agents: ______, novel antidepressants
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SSRI_
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Second-line agents:?
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TCAs
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antidepressant Third-line agents: ?
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MAOIs
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catagory of antidepressant? Paroxetine (Paxil)
Fluoxetine (Prozac) Citalopram (Celexa) Sertraline (Zoloft) Escitalopram oxolate (Lexapro) Fluvoxamine (Luvox) Devenlafaxine (Pristique) |
SSRI
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SE of SSRI
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_sexual__dysfunctions (1/3)
__GI_______upset __Low_____ potential for overdose |
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How to tx SE of SSRI?
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TX: wait, decrease dose, timing, change med , augment with other drugs
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Serotonin syndrone Occurs if SSRI combined with:?
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Tryptophan
__MAOI___________ Amphetamines lithium ecstasy Cocaine dextromethorphan some TCA venlafaxine Buspirone LSD |
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What are symptoms of serotonin syndrome?
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(CONFUSION, HYPERTENSION, HYPERTHERMIA)
confusion, hypomania, hallucinations, agitation, coma Autonomic effects: shivering, sweating, hyperthermia, _hypertension, tachycardia, nausea, diarrhea Somatic effects: ataxia, myoclonus, twitching, hyperreflexia, rigidity, tremor, and ataxia |
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Catagory of antidepressant:Bupropion ( Wellbutrin, Zyban)
Trazadone ( Desyrel) Venlafaxine (Effexor) (SNRI) Mirtazapine( Remoron) Duloxetine (Cymbalta) (SNRI) Desvenlafaxine (Pristique) (SNRI) |
novel
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What are the novel antidepressant SE?
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Bupropion- aggitation, seizures
Trazadone- __sedation_, priapism Venlafaxine- few SE, hi BP Mirtazapine- sedation, wt gain |
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category of antidepressant? Enhances _norepinephrine_ more:
Desipramine (Norpramin) Nortriptyliine (Aventyl,Pamelor) Protriptyline (Vivsactil) Amoxepine |
TCA and related nonselective cyclic antidepressants
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these are drugs that enhance _____ more : Imipramine (Tofranil) (tx enuresis)
Amitriptyline (Elavil) Doxepin (Sinequan) Clomipramine ( Anafranil) |
serotonin
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Enhances ______ more:
Desipramine (Norpramin) Nortriptyliine (Aventyl,Pamelor) Protriptyline (Vivsactil) Amoxepine |
norepinephrine
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Major TCA side effect
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orthostatic hypotension
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What are interventions for orthostatic hypotension?
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Monitor _Vital Signs_____ __________
Caffeine NaCl tablets Support hose |
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What are risk factors for orthostatic hypotension?
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65 years or older
Dehydration Cardiac medication |
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How to prevent OHypotension?
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To arise slowly, dangle before standing
OH is worse in AM______ Adequate fluid intake To avoid hot showers, hot baths Decreases with __time____ |
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What happens when you mix TCA with MAOI?
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fever, hypertensive crisis
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What happens when you mix TCA with Sympathomimetics
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cardiac arrhythmias
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What happens when you mix TCA with warfarin?
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increased bleeding
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What happens when you mix TCA with barbituates/anticonvulsants
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decreased TCA effect
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What happens when you mix TCA with anticholinergic?
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increased anticholinergic effect
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What happens when you mix TCA with l-dopa?
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agitation, tremor ,rigidity
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What happens when you mix TCA with alcohol and benzodiazepines?
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increased sedation
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describe symptoms of hypertensive crisis.
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Palpitations
Tightness in the chest Stiff neck Throbbing, radiating headach Elevated BP_ and tachycardia Diaphoresis and dilated pupils |
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What are the two types of MAOI ?
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irreversible and reversible
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What type of antidepressant? Phenelzine (Nardil)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate) |
MAOI (irreversible)
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What type of antidepresant? moclobemide (Manerex)
Seligiline (Emsam) |
Maoi (reveersible)
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What are SE of MAOI?
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CNS hyperstimulation
Decreased BP_ (so prevent falls!) OD- lethal |
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What is the food-drug interaction with MAOI?
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Tyramine (aged cheese, bananas, salami, coffee, yogurt, smoked meats, etc)
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What happens during the food-drug interatction of MAOI and tyramine?
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hypertension or hypertensive crisis
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What are rules for giving MAOI with other antidepressants?
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Do not give TCA with MAOI
DC TCA for 2 weeks_ before starting on MAOI Never give SSRI with MAOI- fatal_ |
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What will you teach a patient about MAOIs?
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2-4 weeks_ for effectiveness
Avoid some drugs DC slowly Report eye pain- glacoma emergency SE will decrease_ |
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What are the variants of depression?
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atypical, melancholic, catatonic, postpartum, psychotic, seasonal affective disorer (SAD)
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Name the variant of depression: younger age, More women
Increased appetite, wt gain Hypersomnia Leaden paralysis Very sensitive to rejection |
atypical
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name the variant of depresion: Elderly , misdiagnosed as dementia
Anhedonia Sad Depression worse in am Early morning wakening Slow movements or agitation Wt loss Guilt |
melancholic
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Immobility
Excessive motor activity Mutism Echolalia Posturing |
catatonic depression
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First 30 days PP, 10-15% of moms
1% psychotic features |
postpartum depression
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PP blues ____ depression and occurs in
50-80% of new moms |
mild
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Delusions & hallucinations –consistent with guilt, punishment, etc
TX. Antipsychotic & antidepressant meds |
PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION
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Less sunlight, fall & winter
TX. Light therapy |
SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER (SAD)
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how to test for depression (screening)?
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biological (dexamethason supression) and nonbiological (hamilton beck scale)
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What are risk factors for dysfunctional grief?
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Risk factors:
Hx of psychiatric illness Ambivalent, overly close, or intense relationship Hx of multiple losses Loss of parent or SO at young age Loss of social support Death by suicide, AIDS, murder, or unexpected means |
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N-Pt interventions with depression
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Accept patient; focus on strengths
Be honest; work on developing trust Acknowledge emotional pain; offer to help work through pain Point out accomplishments and strengths; reprogram via cognitive therapy Reinforce efforts to make decisions |
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Milieu interventsions for depressed pts
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Opportunity to experience accomplishment and receive positive feedback
Assertiveness training Help avoid embarrassment Supportive group activities Assistance with grooming and hygiene Brief and frequent interpersonal contacts Assistance with nutrition and sleep Protection from suicide intent Ensure adequate nutrition Prevent constipation Monitor and promote nighttime sleep Discourage daytime sleep |
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What are the questions to ask in a suicide assessment?
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Ask about suicidal ideation (SI)
Are you feeling suicidal? On a 0-10 scale how suicidal are you? Do you have a plan? What method would you use? (how lethal is the method?) Effort to block rescue? |
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What are some risk factors for completed suicide?
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Male
Caucasian or Native American Age 60 years or older Hopelessness General medical illness Severe anhedonia Living alone Prior suicide attempts Unemployed/financial problems |
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When is somatic therapy (ECT) used?
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in elderly or when other therapies not working. response can be rapid
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What should a nurse monitor in a patient after ECT?
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Ventilate patient (100% O2)
Monitor respirations Watch for post-ECT confusion Evaluate for agitation on awakening; administer prn benzodiazepine Continue to monitor Document Later that am- HA, tired, transient memory loss, confusion |
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Bright light therapy is used to tx which type of depression and can be helpful in which other conditions?
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Used to treat seasonal affective disorder . Might help bulimia, insomnia, and depression
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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is bright light therapy thought to be mediated thru the skin or eyes?
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Mediated by the eyes, not the skin
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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What is bright light therapy?
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Exposure to intense artificial light , phototherapy
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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What are some AEs from magnetic stimulation?
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seizures in seizure-free pp, headache, transient hearing loss
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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Use magnetic stimuation with care with individuals who have...
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metal implants
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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How is magnetic stimulation thought to work?
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Probably increases neurotransmitter release or down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors
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ch 37-Somatic therapies |
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in order to be classifed as a manic episode, one must have an elevated mood for at least how long?
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one week
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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in order to have a hypomanic episode, the episode must be how long?
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at least 4 days
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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what is the difference between manic and hypomanic?
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hypomanic is not serve enough to warrant hospitalization
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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Which episode is bipolar person expeincing if a person is having hypersomnia, daytime sleepiness, hyperphagia, weight gain, craving for carbohydrates, leaden paralysis
paranoid thoughts, hallucinations, and/or irritability |
depressive episode
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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what episodes are experienced during cyclothymic disorder?
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Swing between a hypomanic episode and depressive symptoms
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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in order to be classified as cycothymic disorder, how long must the symptoms occur and how long without remission?
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for at least 2 years and without remission for 2 mnths
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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The following are behaviors related to which episode in bipolar: Disturbed speech patterns
Altered social, interpersonal, and occupational relationships Alterations in activity and appearance Alterations of affect Alterations of perception |
manic
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Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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what are some key nursing interventions for pt in manic episode?
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Matter-of-fact tone
Clear, concise directions and comments Limit setting Remain calm Avoid arguing and debating |
Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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What are important ways of managing the milieu for a manic patient?
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Safety
Staff consistency Reduce environmental stimuli Do not escalate patients Reinforce appropriate hygiene, dress Monitor nutrition and sleep Establish routines |
Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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What are nutrition interventions for a manic patient?
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Provide food to eat on the run
Provide high-protein, high-calorie snacks Provide daily multivitamins Weigh regularly |
Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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What are some sleep interventions for a manic patient?
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Provide quiet environment for sleep
Structure to avoid stimulating activities during evening Reduce caffeine intake, especially in evening Assess sleep-rest patterns |
Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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What should the nurse educate the bipolar patient about?
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Illness
Signs of relapse Medication Coping with symptoms Providing support |
Ch 29-bipolar disorder |
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When is Lithium absorbed?
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gi tract
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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where does lithium excretion occur?
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kidneys
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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What is the plasma half life of lithium?
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24 hrs
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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what is the therapeutic index for lithium?
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0.6-1.2 mEq/L
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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How long does it take for lithium to be clinically effective?
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7-10 days
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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At what time should lithuim be taken?
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same time daily
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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What are mild transient side effects of lithium?
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small tremors
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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Which SEs of lithium should be reported?
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Report: Diarrhea, vomiting, coarse hand tremor, sedation, weakness, vertigo
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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What are some important patient guidelines for lithium related to salt?
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Maintain salt intake, balanced diet
Illness with fever, excessive sweating Might require dose adjustment |
Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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What are some nursing interventions regarding lithium tx?
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Maintain salt intake, balanced diet
Illness with fever, excessive sweating Might require dose adjustment, Advise to elevate legs to reduce edema Advise to maintain consistent salt intake, but increase with heavy sweating Advise to avoid conception Discuss not driving until stabilized Stress importance of lithium levels |
Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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Which drug category are these drugs found: Divalproex sodium—Depakote
Carbamazepine—Tegretol Lamotrigine—Lamictal Oxcarbazepine—Trileptal Gabapentin—Neurontin Topiramate—Topamax |
anticonvulsants
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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Olanzapine—Zyprexa
Risperidone—Risperdal Quetiapine—Seroquel Ziprasidone—Geodon Clozapine—Clozaril Aripiprazole—Abilify |
antipsychotics
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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What are the three drugs/drug categories used to tx bipolar (antimanics)?
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lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics
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Ch 20-Antimanic Drugs |
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what is the best evnt for a person with anxiety?
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calm
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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one intervention for anxiety would be to Help identify causes of ___________
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feelings
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What are some ways to problem solve anxiety?
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discuss coping strategies, teach relaxation exercises, promote hobbies
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What is general anxiety disorder? Intense symptoms of ____________ are felt and expressed
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anxiety
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What is the etiology of GAD?
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genetic, comorbid depression, GABA dysregulation, psychological & environmental factors
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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Which drugs are usually given for GAD?
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antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs) or buspar
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What are some therapies that can help with GAD?
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cognitive, recreational, relaxation, group therapy
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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to be classified as a panic attack, the attack must last how long?
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10 minutes
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What is the etiology of a panic attack?
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genetic, life stress
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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Panic disorder can lead to which other fear?
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agoraphobia
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What are interventions for a panic attack?
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stay with patient; acknowledge discomfort
Remain calm, avoid touch Speak in short, simple sentences Give one direction at a time Treat hyperventilation, as necessary Allow to pace, cry Communicate that you are in control Communicate that patient is safe Encourage discussion of perceptions and fears |
Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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In obsessive compulsive disorder, what is the obsession?
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the thought
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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In obsessive compulsive disorder, what is the compulsion?
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the action
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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The Purpose of obsessive and compulsive rituals- to decrease ___________
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anxiety/stress
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What are OCD interventions?
Ensure that basic needs are met Provide time to perform _____________ Explain expectations, routines, changes Convey _______ and _______ Assist to ____________ behavior and feelings Structure ______ activities Reinforce _________ behaviors |
Ensure that basic needs are met
Provide time to perform _____________ Explain expectations, routines, changes Convey acceptance and understanding Assist to rituals behavior and feelings Structure simple activities Reinforce nonritualistic behaviors |
Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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What are nursing interventions for phobias?
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behavior therapy (systematic desensitization or implosion/flooding therapy)
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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ASD- onset within _____ weeks of event
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4
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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ASD duration: ?
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2days- 4 weeks
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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PTSD onset: within ______ mos, or after
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6
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Ch 30-Anxiety-Related, Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders |
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PTSD duration: ?
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1-3 mos, or longer
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ch 30--anxiety |
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What are symptoms of ASD and PTSD?
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Dissociation- amnesia, numbing ,detachment
Avoidance of triggors Reexperiencing the Trauma flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive thoughts Arousal symptoms- insomnia, anxiety, irritable, impaired memory & concentration Anger outburts, survivor’s Other problems substance abuse, depression, panic attacks |
ch. 30 anxiety-related, somatoform and dissociative disorders |
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What is the etiology of ASD, PTSD?
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neuro chem basis and brain changes from stress
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ch. 30 anxiety-related, somatoform and dissociative disorders |
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What are interventions for ASD and PTsd?
Be________ and honest Offer ___________ and support Assure that ______ and behaviors are ______ Help see ____________ between trauma and current feelings Help evaluate past behaviors in context of trauma Provide for safe verbalization of ___________ Encourage adaptive coping strategies Facilitate progressive review of trauma and its consequences Encourage to establish or reestablish ________________ |
Be nonjudgmental and honest
Offer empathy and support Assure that feelings and behaviors are typical Help see connections between trauma and current feelings Help evaluate past behaviors in context of trauma Provide for safe verbalization of feelings Encourage adaptive coping strategies Facilitate progressive review of trauma and its consequences Encourage to establish or reestablish relationships |
ch. 30 anxiety-related, somatoform and dissociative disorders |
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An adjustment disorder must be anxiety symptoms within ____ mtns of a identifiable life event and last ___ mths after the end of the stressor
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3; 6
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ch. 30 anxiety-related, somatoform and dissociative disorders |
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What is a somatoform disorder?
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hypochondriasis
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ch. 30 anxiety-related, somatoform and dissociative disorders |
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What is the primary gain from a somatoform disorder?
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anxiety relieved for now
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ch 30 |
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What is the secondary gain from a somatoform disoder?
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attention from others
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ch 30 |
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What are interventions for somatoform disorder?
Use a ________, caring approach Encourage description of _____ Assist to use direct verbalization of ___________ and needs ________________ attention when patient focuses on physical complaints _____________ reinforcement of alternate focus Be consistent; direct all requests to primary nurse Encourage _______________ activities Do not force insight into conflicts |
Use a matter-of-fact, caring approach
Encourage description of feelings Assist to use direct verbalization of feelings and needs withdraw attention when patient focuses on physical complaints positive reinforcement of alternate focus Be consistent; direct all requests to primary nurse Encourage diversional activities Do not force insight into conflicts |
ch 30 |
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Classical conditioning is ______ stimulus-response reaction after repeated ______of neutral and eliciting stimuli, neutral stimulus alone elicits expected response
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PAIRING of neutral and eliciting stimuli, neutral stimulus alone elicits expected response
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Ch 37 Behavior Therapies |
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What is operant conditioning? ______ modification
Focuses on external variables that _________ and ______________ the response to learn which variables control behavior |
Behavior modification
Focuses on external variables that precede and follow the response to learn which variables control behavior |
Ch 37 Behavior Therapies |
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Conditioning, premack principle, shaping, reinforcement, continuous, intermittent will all _____ the probability of a behavior.
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increase
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Ch 37 Behavior and Somatic Therapies |
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Differential reinforcement of other behavior, extinction, negative consequences, and time-out will all ______ the probability of a behavior.
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decrease
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Ch 37 Behavior and Somatic Therapies |
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Skills training, contingency contracting, self-control, and token economy are all ways of _______ ______ behaviors
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acquiring new
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Ch 37 Behavior and Somatic Therapies |
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What is a dissociative disorder?
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Removal of painful memories from consciousness awareness (repression) to help a person survive extreme emotional and/or physical pain/abuse
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Dissociative disorders |
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Localized amnesia- person cannot remember what happened within a specific ___________ period (after fire for hrs-2 days)
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Localized amnesia- person cannot remember what happened within a specific time period (after fire for hrs-2 days)
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Dissociative disorders |
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Selective amnesia- able to recall ______, but not all, events related to a traumatic event.
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some
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Dissociative disorders |
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Generalized Amnesia- unable to recall __________ about their life, including identity
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anything
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Dissociative disorders |
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Continuous Amnesia – unable to recall events occurring after a ____________ time (traumatic event) up to and including the present
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specific
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Dissociative disorders |
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What is dissociative fugue?
Sudden unexpected _______ away from home New Identity, appears to have __________ behavior; not outwardly confused, upset Lasts for few hours to few days Amnesia after, no recall of fugue state Rare, usually after extreme _________, an escape Preexisting depression, and hx of ______ often |
Sudden unexpected from away from home
New Identity, appears to have normal behavior; not outwardly confused, upset Lasts for few hours to few days Amnesia after, no recall of fugue state Rare, usually after extreme stress, an escape Preexisting depression, and hx of abuse often |
Dissociative disorders |
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What is depersonalization?
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oriented to PPT, but sense of self is changed, feels like watching a dream, unreal, robot...response to overwhelming stress, intereres with fx
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Dissociative disorders |