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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alveoli
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functional units of the lung; the thin-walled chambers surrounded by networks of capillaries; site of respiratory exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
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Angle of Louis
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Manubriosternal angle; the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib
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Apnea
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Cessation of breathing
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Asthma
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An abnormal respiratory condition associated with allergic hypersensibility to certain inhaled allergens; char. bronchospasm, wheezing, dyspnea
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Atelectasis
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An abnormal respiratory condition char by collapsed, shrunken deflated section of alveoli
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Bradypnea
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Slow breathing; <10 breaths/min
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Bronchiole
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One of the smaller respiratory passageways into which the segmental bronchi divide
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Bronchitis
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Inflammation of the bronchi with partial obstruction of bronchi due to excessive mucus secretion
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Bronchophony
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The spoken voice sound heard through the stethoscope, which sounds soft, muffled, and indistinct over normal lung tissue
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Bronchovesicular
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The normal breath sound heard over major bronchi, char by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
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COPD
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a functional category of abnormal respiratory conditions char by moderate pitch and an equal duration of inspiration and expiration
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Cilia
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Millions of hairlike cells lining the tracheobronchial tree
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Consolidation
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the solidification of portions of lung tissue as it fills up with infectious exudate, as in pneumonia
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Crackles
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Rales; abnormal discontinuous, adventitious lung sounds heard on inspiration
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Crepitus
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Coarse crackling sensation palpable over skin when air abnormally escapes from the lung and enters the subcutaneous tissue
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Dead space
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passageways that transport air but are not available for gaseous exchange; e.g. trachea and bronchi
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Dyspnea
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Difficult, labored breathing
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Egophony
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The sound of "eeee" heard through the stethoscope
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Emphysema
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COPD char by enlargement of alveoli distal to terminal brochioles
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Fissure
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The narrow crack dividing the lobes of the lungs
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Fremitus
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A palpable vibration from the spoken voice felt over the chest wall
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Friction rub
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A coarse, grating, adventitious lung sound heard when the pleurae are inflamed
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Hypercapnia
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Increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Hyperventilation
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Increased rate and depth of breathing
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Hypoxemia
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Decreased level of oxygen in blood
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Intercostal space
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space between the ribs
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Kussmaul's respiration
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A type of hyperventilation that occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis
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Orthopnea
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Ability to breathe easily only in an upright condition
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
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Sudden awakening from sleeping with shortness of breath
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Percussion
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Striking over the chest wall with short sharp blows of the fingers in order to determine the size and density of the underlying organ
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Pleural effusion
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Abnormal fluid between the layers of the pleura
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Rhonchi
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Low pitched, musical, snoring, adventitious lung sound caused by air flow obstruction from secretions
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Tachypnea
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Rapid shallow breathing, >24 breaths/min
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Vesicular
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The soft, low pitched, normal breath sounds heard over peripheral lung fields
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Vital capacity
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The amt of air, following maximal inspiration, that can be exhaled
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Wheeze
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high-pitched musical squeaking adventitious sound
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Whispered pectoriloquy
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A whispered phrase heard through the stethoscope that sounds faint and inaudible over normal lung tissue
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Xiphoid process
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Sword-shaped lower tip of the sternum
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Structures that compose the respiratory dead space
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trachea and bronchi
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Where in the brain is the respiratory center located?
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brainstem (pons and medulla)
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Pectus excavatum
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sunken sternum and adjacent cartilages; depression begins at 2nd intercostal space, depressed at junction of xiphoid with body of sternum
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Pectus carinatum
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a forward protusion of the sternum, with ribs sloping back at either side and vertical depressions along costochondral junctions.
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Costochondral junctions
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Points at which the ribs join their cartilages; not palpable.
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This landmark marks the site of tracheal bifurcation into the right and left bronchi
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Angle of Louis (manubriosternal angle)
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This landmark corresponds with the upper border of the atria of the heart
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Angle of Louis (manubriosternal angle)
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Coastal angle above __ degrees is indicative of emphysema
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90
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Inferior border of the scapula corresponds to __ or __ rib.
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7th or 8th rib
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Spinous processes align with ribs that attach to T__.
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T4
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Posterior chest wall has 2 lines. Name them.
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vertebral line and scapular line
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Vetebra promins is:
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C7
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Pleural cavities contain the:
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Lungs
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The right lung has __ lobes
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3
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The left lung has __ lobes
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2
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Normal respiratory rates for the newborn
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30 to 40, but could spike up to 60 a minute.
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Marked retractions of sternum and intercostal muscles indicate:
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increased respiratory effort, as in atelectasis, pneumonia, asthma, and acute airway obstruction.
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In an infant, asymmetric expansion occurs with
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aphragmatic hernia or pneumothorax
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____ is palpable around a fractured clavicle, which may occur with difficult forceps delivery in an infant
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Crepitus
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Rachitic rosary
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Prominent round knobs at costochondral junctions, seen in infants with rickets or scurvy.
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____ breath sounds occur with pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax
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Diminished
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Marked retractions of sternum and intercostal muscles indicate:
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increased respiratory effort, as in atelectasis, pneumonia, asthma, and acute airway obstruction.
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In an infant, asymmetric expansion occurs with
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aphragmatic hernia or pneumothorax
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____ is palpable around a fractured clavicle, which may occur with difficult forceps delivery in an infant
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Crepitus
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Rachitic rosary
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Prominent round knobs at costochondral junctions, seen in infants with rickets or scurvy.
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____ breath sounds occur with pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion, or pneumothorax
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Diminished
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Expiratory wheezing occurs with ____ airway obstruction, such as asthma or bronchiolitis.
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Lower
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Persistent peristaltic sounds with diminished breath sounds on the same side indicate
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diaphragmatic hernia
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Stridor is a high-pitched inspiratory crowing heard without the stethoscope, which indicates ____ airway obstruction.
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Upper (Croup, foreign body aspiration, acute epiglottitis)
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Tachypnea is breathing faster than __ breaths per minute.
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24
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Cheyne-Stokes Respiration
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A cycle in which respirations gradually wax and wane in a regular pattern, increasing in rate and depth and then decreasing.
Seen in severe heart failure, renal failure, meningitis, drug overdose, and increased intracranial pressure. |
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Biot's respiration
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Similar to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, except that the pattern is irregular. A series of normal respiration is is followed by a period of apnea.
Seen at end of life, head trauma, brain abscess, heat stroke, spinal meningitis, and encephalitis. |
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Increased tactile fremitus is felt in
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consolidation
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Decreased tactile fremitus is felt in
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obstruction
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Rhonchial fremitus is felt in
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secretion
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Pleural friction fremitus is felt in
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parietal or visceral pleural friction caused by decrease in normal lubricating fluid
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