Nutrition Exam

absence of illness or discomfort, fitness, longevity, optimum health

should be based on the science of nutrition and requires knowledge in areas of food science and technology, physiology and metabolism.

3 kinds of malnutrition:
1)undernutrition (low food intake)
2)specific deficiencies (imbalanced nutrient intake)
3) overweight/obesity (BMI >25, 30)

Stage of development fetus, infant, child, adult (young, middle aged and elderly)
Level of inflammatory stress
Previous nutritional exposure in utero (fetal origins of adult disease)

Exposure to pathogens and toxins
immune system, antioxidant defences, detoxication systems
Growth and development of body and organ systems

obesity
diabetes mellitus II
heart disease
osteoporosis
cognitive function loss

There is interaction between nutritional status and effective operation of the immune system;
malnutrition leads to increased chances of dying from infection;
While these deaths are due to a malfunctioning immune system, the inflammatory arm of the immune system plays a sig. role in morbidity and mortality in a wide range of chronic diseases with a nutritional basis;

As populations migrate from one country to another their lifestyle and diet changes and the disease patterns they suffer from alter; Thus, lifestyle and diet influence disease patterns;
Stomach cancer is high in Japan (carcinogen) and breast cancer is high in Hawaii;

No

immune system carry out its normal function of detecting and destroying pathogens, removing damaged tissue and bringing about wound healing.

Il1, Il6, TNF-alpha

Immune system will get activated which causes pro-inflammatory cytokines (oxidants, antioxdefence) to come in and cause pothogen killing and tissue damage; there is increase in T and B cells, Feedback systems (Il10, heat shock proteins);
also, have, glucose and glutamine (causes glutathione synthesis);
tissue remodeling via TWEAK/Fn14 system;
if lose more than 50% body mass will die;

higher inflammation the higher mortality rate because of lower levels of albumin; serum albumin is a negative acute phase reactant and is reduced when levels of inflammatory stress become raised;

heart disease is due to disorders inlipid metabolism therefore prevention should focus on fat intake;
heart disease is caused by chronic inflammation therefore prevention should focus on anti-inflammatory changes in lifestyle.

Diabetes Mellitus II
Insulin insensitivity
hyperlipidemia
atherosclerosis
myocardial infarction
Inflammation causes mortality and morbidity and pathogen killing; some inflammatory stimuli pathogens, environmental factors, and damaged tissue cause inflammation;

Factors which influence the level of inflammation in the body and it's effects are:
1)antioxidant intake
2)the type of fat in the diet (omega 3/6), Obesity, Gender, aging, genetics (note Antioxidant intake, type of fat in diet, and obesity have direct and indirect nutritional influence)

Yes, inflammatory cells cause increase in oxidants and IL1/TNF which then leads to oxidized cell components to activate transcription factor NFkB) that causes production of inflammatory mediators;