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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nutritional changes are generally based on ____ needs, ____ needs, and ______ of nutrients.
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growth
energy utilization |
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How does a nurse ascertain the nutritional needs of an individual?
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a nutritional assessment
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Today, it is preferable to feed infants ____ _____
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on demand
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Name two reasons parents should feed their infants "on demand."
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1. It prevents the frustrations that hunger can bring
2. Helps the child develop trust in people |
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Normally, an infant's on demand feeding schedule averages approximately every ____ hours by 2 or 3 months of age.
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four
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A baby ____ it's birth weight by six months of age
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doubles
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A baby ____ it's birth weight by it's first birthday
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triples
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The nutritional needs of an infant depend largely on a child's ____ ____
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growth rate
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During the first year, a normal child needs approximately ____ kcal per kilogram of body weight each day
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100
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What is the saying when it comes to feeding infants?
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"breast is best"
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Mother's milk provides her infant with temporary _____ to many infectious diseases.
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immunity
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Name some advantages of feeding an infant breast milk
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sterile
easy to digest usually does not cause GI disturbances or allergic reactions |
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Breastfed infants grow more ____ during the first few months of life than do formula-fed babies
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rapidly
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Breast fed babies usually have ____ infections than formula-fed babies
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fewer
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Since breast milk contains less protein and minerals than infant formula, it reduces the load on the infant's ______
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kidneys
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Breastfeeding promotes _____ motor development
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oral
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What are the four ways a mother can be certain their breastfed baby is getting enough milk?
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1. six or more wet diapers per day
2. normal growth pattern 3. one or two mustard-colored bowel movements per day 4. the breast becomes soft during nursing |
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Why should breast milk NEVER be reheated in a microwave oven?
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the antibodies will be destroyed
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What are two food items that should never be given to an infant under 1 year of age?
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1. cow's milk (too much protein/mineral content & fat less bioavailable)
2. honey (may be contaminated with botulism) |
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What is one vitamin that might need to be supplemented in a breastfed infant's diet?
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vitamin D
(sun-bathe for 15-20 minutes per day) |
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A newborn has enough iron stored to last until they are ___ months old
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four
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What is the easiest way to supplement iron in a breastfed infant's diet?
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iron-fortified cereal
(rice is easiest to digest) |
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Colostrum protects a newborn from many _____ & ______
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bacteria and viruses
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What are three contraindications of breastfeeding an infant?
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1. maternal medications
2. material illness 3. galactosemia (infant can't metabolize lactose) |
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When and why should a parent supplement fluoride to an infant's diet?
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after 2 weeks
promotes healthy tooth development |
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Most formula is based on ____ ____ because it is abundant and easily modified to resemble human milk in nutrient and kcal values
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cow's milk
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If an infant is extremely sensitive or allergic to infant formula, a synthetic formula made from ____ may be given
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soybeans
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Formulas with ____ ___ are used for infants unable to tolerate all other types of formulas
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predigested proteins
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In what 3 forms are infant formulas available?
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ready-to-feed
concentrated powdered |
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____ ____ must be mixed with concentrated and powdered forms of formula
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sterile water
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What will happen if too much water is added to an infant formula?
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it will dilute the nutrient and kcal value such that the infant will not thrive
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What will happen if too little water is added to infant formula?
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it will create too heavy a protein and mineral load for the infant's kidneys
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When should solid foods be introduced to an infant?
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4-5 months
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Early introduction of solid foods may increase the likelihood of _____ and the possibility of _____ _____ developing
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overfeeding
food allergies |
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What are some signs of an infant's readiness for the introduction of solid foods?
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1. the physical ability to pull food into the mouth (rather than pushing the tongue and food out of the mouth)
2. a willingness to participate in the process 3. the ability to sit up with support 4. having head and neck control 5. the need for additional nutrients |
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Generally, an infant drinking more than ____ ounces of formula or nursing ____-____ times in 24 hours should be started on solid food
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32
8-10 |
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_____ new food is introduced to an infant at a time with no other new foods for _____-____ days
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one
4-5 |
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What is the typical order of introduction to solid foods for the infant?
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iron-fortified rice cereal
oat, wheat and mixed cereals cooked and pureed vegetables cooked and pureed fruits and egg yolk finely ground cooked meats |
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Juice may be added to an infant's diet when...
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he learns to drink from a cup
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Why should infants NEVER be given juice in a bottle?
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they will fill up on juice and not get enough nutrients/calories from primary sources
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What is the first juice that should be offered to an infant?
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pasteurized 100% apple juice
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What are some examples of foods that should not be offered to a child under the age of two due to choking hazards?
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hotdogs, nuts, whole peas, grapes, popcorn, small candies and small pieces of tough meat or raw vegetables
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Eating habits develop during _____
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childhood
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A child's rate of growth is/is not constant
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is not
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As a child ages, the rate of growth _____
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slows
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The approximate weight gain of a child during the second year of life is _____ lbs.
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five
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Why should children only be offered nutrient-dense foods?
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the amounts eaten are generally very small
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____ should not be limited before age 2
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fats
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____ milk is recommended until the age of two
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whole
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The guideline for fat intake after the age of ____ is the same as that for adults
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two
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A good rule of thumb for preschool children is ____ ____ of new food for each year of age
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one tablespoon
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A child needs a snack every ___-___ hours for continued energy
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3-4
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When a baby is put to bed with a bottle, what condition may develop?
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baby bottle mouth or nursing bottle syndrome
(the upper jaw protrudes and the lower jaw recedes) |
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From six months to ten years, kcal requirements ______ while nutrient needs _____
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diminish
increase |
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Generally, children should drink ____ mL of water for each kcal
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one
|
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After age 3, a child's fiber needs are...
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"age + 5g" and no more than "age + 10g"
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During adolescence, good eating habits may be forgotten as a result of _____ _____
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peer pressure
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Except for vitamin ____, nutrient needs increase dramatically during adolescence
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D
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Adolescent girls require more ____ than boys
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iron
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What are some common adolescent eating problems?
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anorexia, bulimia, obesity, anemia & calcium deficiency
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When a teenage girl becomes pregnant, she should add ___-____ cups of milk per day to her diet
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1-2
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_____ deficiency is highly likely in a teenage pregnancy
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iron
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Adolescent athletes may overload on _____ before an athletic event
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carbohydrates
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The period of young adulthood ranges from approximately ___-____ years of age
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18 - 40
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The middle adulthood period ranges from approximately ____-____ years of age
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40 - 65
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Physical growth is usually complete by age ____
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25
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After age 25 and except during ____ and _____, the essential nutrients are needed only to maintain and repair body tissue and to produce energy
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pregnancy and lactation
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Despite men's larger size, only ____ of the given RDAs are greater for men than for women
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11
|
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____ of the RDAs are the same for both sexes
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six
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After _____, a woman's requirement for iron matches that of men
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menopause
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After age 25, the basal metabolism is reduced by approximately ___-____ per decade
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2% - 3%
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A adult's basal metabolic need is determined by ____ and amount of ____ _____ _____
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activity
lean muscle mass |
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In the older adult, metabolic rate ____, bones become ____ ____ and lean muscle mass ____
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slows
less dense lessens |
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In the older adult, poor _____ is common
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dentition
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An older adult's digestion is affected because...
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the secretion of hydrochloric acid and enzymes diminish, which decreases the intrinsic factor synthesis, which may lead to a vitamin B12 deficiency
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In the older adult, the ____ of the intestines is reduced, resulting in ____ or _____
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tone
constipation diarrhea |
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____-____ and ____-_____ interactions must be monitored closely in the elderly client as they may affect both appetite and the absorption of nutrients
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food-drug
drug-drug |
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In the elderly population, the kcal requirement decreases approximately ____-____ per decade because both metabolism and activity slow down
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2% - 3%
|
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Dairy products should not be consumed within ____ hours of taking the antibiotic tetracyline or it will not be absorbed
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2
|
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A person taking Coumadin (warfarin) must consume _____ ____ rich food in moderation
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vitamin K
|
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The ____ vitamins should not be taken with blood-clot reducing medications because....
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antioxidant
they also have a tendency to "thin" the blood |
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In an elderly adult, the ____ mechanism is less responsive, putting them at risk for dehydration
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thirst
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The elderly person's diet should contain ___-____ of kcal intake being derived from protein foods
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12% - 14%
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The elderly adult's diet should have adequate amounts of vitamin ____ and the minerals ____ & ____ to maintain bone integrity
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D
calcium phosphorus |
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____ ____ foods increase satiety and maintain intestinal motility, helping to prevent constipation
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high-fiber
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The elderly client should "_____ _____ ____ _____"
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"eat like a toddler"
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What are some of the physiological changes that may affect an elderly person's diet?
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taste and smell are decreased
may have periodontal disease renal function and basal metabolic rate decrease may develop a glucose intolerance body fat increases while muscle tone decreases |
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An elderly person living on a fixed income is a _____ factor that may affect their nutritional needs
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socioeconomic
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What are some psychological factors that may deter an elderly person from meeting their nutritional needs?
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loneliness and depression
food fads and "quackery" |
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A pregnant woman must provide nutrients and kcals for...
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the fetus, the amniotic fluid, the placenta, increased blood volume, and breast, uterine and fat tissue
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Malnutrition of the mother is believed to cause _____ & _____ _______ in the fetus
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growth and mental retardation
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Infants with a low birth weight (5.5lbs or less) have a higher _____ rate than those of normal birth weight
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mortality (death)
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Low-birth weight is anything under ____ lbs
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5.5
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No increase in kcal is required during the first ____ weeks of pregnancy
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12
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After the first trimester, a pregnant woman may increase her daily kcal requirement by ____ kcal/day
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300
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A woman in her 2nd or 3rd trimester can get most of the necessary additional calories and nutrients she and her baby need by ...
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drinking 2 extra 8-oz. glasses of 2% milk each day
|
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All menstruating women should take a ____ ____ supplement, even if not actively trying to become pregnant in order to help avoid ____ ____ ____
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folic acid
neural tube defects |
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Generally, the ONLY approved, OTC medication a pregnant woman should take is..
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Tylenol
|
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Excessive vitamin ____ may cause birth defects
|
A
|
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For a lactating mother, approximately ____ kcal are required to produce 100mL (3 1/3 oz.) of milk
|
85
|
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During the first six months, average daily milk production of a lactating mother is ____mL, requiring an extra _____ kcal daily
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750 (25 oz)
640 |
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During the second six months (when a baby begins to eat solid foods), average daily milk production of a lactating mother slows to ____mL daily, requiring an extra ____ kcal daily
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600
510 |
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A patient with hypertension should generally be on a ____ ____ diet
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low / no sodium
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A patient with DM should generally be on a ____ _____ diet
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consistent CHO
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A patient with heart disease should generally be on a ____ _____ diet
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low fat
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A chemotherapy patient will most likely experience ____&_____, upsetting their nutritional balance
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nausea and vomiting
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A patient taking Coumadin (warfarin) should avoid eating...
|
leafy green vegetables
|
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A patient taking Lanoxin (digoxin), should be instructed to not eat ______
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licorice
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