OAT/DAT BIO/CHEM/OCHEM/PHYSICS FACTS

Lipid synthesis

Cytosol

NADPH, ATP, and O2

CO2

pyruvate, lactic acid, ethanol

acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

O2

Point

Frameshift

92

1

4

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands

Anus, mouth

Trachea, mucus cells on skin

The daughter cells are the carbon copies of the parent.

No

1. Blood is oxygenated at the placenta.
2. Fetal hemoglobin has higher affinity for 02 than human hemoglobin.
3. Fetal lungs receive very little oxygen.
4. Fetal Blood is shunt from right atrium to left atrium via foramen ovale.
5. Blood is shunted away from lungs via ductus arteriosis.

Forebrain - Pros encephelon
Midbrain - Mesenchephelon
Hindbrain - Rhombencephelon

Pinna, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, semicircular canals, cochlea, eustachian tubes

Mouth, salivary amylase

Spongy and palisade layer

Taiga

Temperate

Two cotyledons, woody, arranged vascular bundles, net vained leaves, apple and maple trees

It contains a nucleus, so it belongs in the Kingdom Protista!

Exchange energy - NOT matter

Open system

It can't exchange matter or energy!

They don't ideally follow the PV=nRT formula expcially during low temperatures and high pressures.

Probability of one event happening x probability of 2nd event happening

Probability of winning is 1/500 and the probability of winning from 10 tickets is 10 times as much than 1 ticket so its 1/50.

Either by Sn2 reaction using the alkoxide (RO-) ion as the nucleophile

OR

by acid catalyzed condensation reaction of two alcohols

Hydrogen bonding (FON-H) and polarity (make sure the polarity doesn't cancel)

The presence of a valley indicates INTERMEDIATES that only take place in SN1 and E1 reactions.

AGE - degreasing stability

ANTI > GAUCHE > ECLIPSED > TOTALLY ECLIPSED

Ionic compounds are the most soluble (dissociate into ions). Salts are ionic compounds. Even though they might have long alkyl chains, they would still be the most soluble.

Activators increase the rate of reaction.

Deactivators decrease the rate of reaction.

The addition of a nitro group

It is a ortho/para group because an esther is a meta group only if it is connected by the carbonyl carbon

The iodide will not displace the acyl chloride since it is a weaker base than Cl and therefore will be a poor nucleophile.

Imines (=NH)

It is total potential energy at the top of the incline minus - the energy dissipitated by friction

First determine the number of moles of each substance. Then you get the lowest mole and see how much of the other substance you need... If the result is more than the amount of mole available then that substance is the limiting reactant.

1 nodal plane

They react with the most electronegative atoms.

Oxidation numbers is with charges...

Formal charges is with shared number of electrons.

Molality = moles of solute/kg of solvent

Ex: 31% HCl is basically 31 g of HCl per 100 grams of solution. Convert grams into moles to find out the number of moles. The remainder is the solvent (100 - 31 = 69g) Convert 69g of solvent into kilograms and we have Molatlity...

Ignore LITERS of solution.

Not mL, but L!

(sum of ∆Hf products)-(sum of ∆Hf of reactants)

Yes, -1 is a possible pH value.

Round it off and convert it to scientific notation.

∏ = MRT and if its a electrolyte we divide the M in half...

It's a second order reaction.

relative, inverted

Through more substituted groups and through resonance forms.

Intermolecular forces increase viscositiy.

During normal conditions, Grignard reagent follows the standard procedure of adding the alkyl group to the carbonyl carbon. However under the presence of the acid, the Grignard reagent strips of the H since its a strong base and forms an alkane instead. : )

No

anti markovnikov addition,

Br attacks first to the less substituted carbon, forming a stable carbocation.

Radiation

The restoring force decreases and then increases according to the formula F=-kx.

Its the place where the displacement takes on ALL values between maximum and minimum displacement.

F=ILB

It would lose its power.

They would land during different times.

N= ma + mg

H-A <-----> H+ + A-

The more stable the A-, the more H+, the higher the Ka, the lower the pKa, the more acidic the compound.

HF > H2O > NH3 > CH4

When comparing atoms within the same row of the periodic table, the more electronegative the anionic atom in the conjugate base, the better it is at accepting the negative charge.

HI > HBr > HCl > HF Size. When comparing atoms within the same group of the periodic table, the larger the atom the weaker the H-X bond and the easier it is for the conjugate base to accommodate negative charge (lower charge density)

Resonance stabilizes the negative charge of the conjugate base. The more resonance a molecule has, the more acidic it is.

- occurs in the cytoplasm
- it is an anaerobic process
- converts a molecule of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate
- a molecule of glucose also converts into 2 ATP and 2 NADH
- glucose is partially oxidized

- fats have higher H:O ratio than carbs. so they have more Hydrogen ... ratio is greater than 2:1
- they give off 9 kcal/g while carbs and proteins produce 4 kcal/g
- lipids/fats don't form polymers while carbs do
- don't contain N, neither does carb

Allantois is a sac-like structure involved in RESPIRATION and EXCRITION through numerous vessels which turn into the umbilical vessels.

The CHORION is involved in gas exchange.

AMNION is membrane which encloses the embryo and consists of fluids to protect the embryo from shock.

PLACENTA is formed from the outgrowths of the 4 membranes and it allows the fetus to RECEIVE OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS while REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE AND METABOLIC WASTES.

YOLK SAC encloses YOLK . BLOOD VESSELS in the YOLK SAC transfer FOOD to the embryo.

In 10 turns of the Calvin Cycle, 10CO2 and 10RBP is used to make 20PGAL.

ATP and CO2 is an INPUT.
PGAL is OUTPUT
6PGAL = 1GLUCOSE

Its haploid number is 18 and diploid number is 36

Oxidative phosphorylation & ETC = 32 ATP.
Glycolysis = 2ATP
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) = 2ATP.

Ectoderm

- Striated
- One or two nuclei
- Autonomic nervous system
- Requires Ca2+
- Depolorization does NOT require the help of NERVOUS SYSTEM.

First forms of life at a certain environment. Ex: Lichens

It increases as it goes down from Cortex to Medula and Pelvis. Therefore it is the lowest in the Cortex.

Magnesium

First, we have to find out if the exerted force exceeds the scalar quantity of the friction force and then we can solve for its acceleration.

v = ω r

Heat removed from refrig.= Work + Heat depositied to atmosphere.

QLow + W = QHigh

- Constant temperature
- Constant internal energy has to be kept
- Gas expansion means gas is doing work on system
- Gas does work = loss of internal energy = heat added to keep constant internal energy

Non Polar: Ala. Val. Pro. Leu Iso. Tryp. Phen. Gly (NonPolar Alan Values Prolific Lucine's Isolated Tryp to Phenomenal Glaciers)

Hist, Lys, Arginine

- blood CO2
- pH levels
- breathing
- heart rate

Active transports, requiring energy

Tertiary.

Storage and maturation of sperm

Transport of sperm to the urethra

If it skips generations, it is recessive.

If it effects males and females equally, then its autosomal.

If it effects more males than females than its sex-linked.

If it doesnt skip generations, then it is dominant.

They are flatwords, bilaterally symmetrical, and triplobastic ( made of 3 layers).

Metals

Pure solids do not contribute to the overall equilibrium expression.

It connects the fetal blood vessels to umbilical vein

It connects the pulmonary arteries to the aortic arch.

More resonance, less chargers = more stable.

∏ electrons must be 1 carbon away from POSITIVE charge to have resonance.

1) More hydrogen bonding 2) Greater electronegativity

1) Hydrogen bonding 2) no branching 3) molecular weight

weak nucleophiles ok

good leaving groups - departure is rate determining step - conj bases of strong acids

3 > 2> 1> Ch3

Polar protic solvents (Hydrogen bonding) - Water, ethanol

Racemic mixtures

strong nucleophiles - strong base

good leaving groups - stabilize the negative charge - weak bases

polar aprotic (acetone, DMSO)

inversion of relative configuration

q= 1.6x10^-19C
k= 8.99x10^9
R=0.0821
ϻ=4πx10^-7
Tesla = 1N/m*a = 10^-4 Gauss

C=Q/V

PE=1/2(CV2)=1/2(QV)

I=Imax*sin(wt)

Irms=Imax/sqr(2)

Vrms=Vmax/sqr(2)

Protozoans

Coelenterates

Annelids and Arthropods

Annelids

Protozoans/Coelenterates

Arthropods

Bone

Cartilage

No nutrients are absorbed in the stomach

Annelids

Coelenterates

Arthropods

Renal artery → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arterioles → renal vein

∆Hrxn = ∆H of bonds broken + ∆H of bonds formed

Vapor pressure decreases
Boiling point increases
Melting point decreases

Pressure of solution = Moles of solvent * Pressure of solvent

HCl, HBr, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, NH2-, H-

Alcohol and acid/heat would produce a major product of internal alkene and water.

Alkyl halide and base/heat would produce major product of internal alkene and HX.

E1

E2

E2

In a nucleophilic solvent, the addition of Br2 would yield a halo alcohol instead of dihalo compound.

It is carried out in mercuric acetate (Hg(CH3COO)2 aka Hg(OAc)2

During the free radical reaction of HBr to alkene, the reaction is carried out with the presence of peroxides, oxygen, or other impurities. It follows the anti-Markovnikov mechanism.

3Alkenes + BH3/H2O2, OH- → 3 anti-markovnikov, syn addition of OH.

Hydroboration

With cold, dilute KMnO4, the reaction yields a vicinal diol with syn orientation.

With hot and basic KMnO4, followed by acid, we either get 2 molar eqs of Carboxylic acids or if its a terminal alkene we get a carboxylic acid and CO2...

If the terminal alkene is disubstituted, the reaction will yield to a ketone and CO2.

The ozonolysis of alkene followed by reduction of Zn and water will cleave the double bond and yield to 2 aldehydes.

The ozonolysis of alkene (O3, CH2Cl2) followed by a reduction of NaBH4 will produce 2 alcohols

Alkenes with CH3CO3H or mcpba will produce oxiranes (aka epoxides).

Polymerization

addition of base/heat to vicinal diols will yield to alkynes

Alkynes react with H2, Pd, BaSO4/Quinoline and yield cis alkenes.

Alkynes react with Na, NH3(liq) and hyield trans alkenes

Reacts by similar mechanism to alkene hydroboration

3Alkyne +B2H6/CH3COOH → 3syn addition yielding to alkene

Alkyne +R2BH/H202,OH- → keto/enol

basic KMnO4, followed by acid will yield to 2 carboxylic acids

or

O3, CCl4, H20 will yield to also two carboxylic acids

Aromatic rings react with Br2 or Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3, FeBr3, AlCl3 to halogenate the aromatic ring.

S03,H2SO4, heat are added to a benzine to form sulfonic acid

Benzene with acylchloride in the presence of AlCl3 yields to a friedel-crafts acylation reaction.

Nonaromatic - No conjugation or no cyclic

Antiaromatic - conjugated, cyclic, less/more pi electrons

Efficiency = (Load weight X Load distance)/(Work)

Work = Effort weight X Effort distance

Write down all the known variables. Try to come up with equation that fits all the variables.

FOR SINGLE SLITS:
DARK FRINGES:
width of slit*sin0 = n * lambda (n=1,2,3,4)

FOR DOUBLE SLITS:
Maxima: distance between 2 slits * sin0=m*lambda
Minima: dsin0=(m+1/2)*lambda

(m=0,1,2,3,4)

The strongest one is LiAlH4/H30 that reduces from Carboxylic acid all the way to primary alcohol.

NaBH4/ H30 are weaker and reduce aldehydes to alcohols, not carboxylic acids.

The reaction of arylsulfonic acid with hot NaOH will yield to a phenol.

p-bromo-aniline will react with HNO2/H2SO4 and produce Ph-N2+HSO4- salt followed by H30 will give a para-bromophenol.

Alcohol reacts with hot H2SO4, we get a mixture of products with internal akene as the major product and terminal alkene being the minor product.

The reaction takes place via E1.

Alcohol reacts with tosylate/NaI and displaces the OH group and forming a alkyl halide. It happens via SN2 reaction.

With SOCl2, the reaction produces an alkyl chloride and with PBr3, it produces an alkyl bromide.

Metal alkoxides and PRIMARY alkyl halides will react to form an ether. It has to be an SN2 reaction.

Phenols with CH3CH2Br for example will produce and HBr and an aryl ether.

Ethers are cleaved via acid reactions and high temperatures.
(ex: Ether reacts with HBr and forms alkyl bromide and alcohol.. it reacts once more and forms two alkyl bromides)

Epoxides with HBr, Br goes to most substituted Carbon.

Epoxides with Br-, Br goes to less substituted carbon.

Imines

an acetaldehyde treated with base reacts to form an aldol (ketone and alcohol) ...

when heated, this molecule can eliminate water and produce a double bonded ketone.

Ylide is formed by (C6H5)3P+CH3Br/Base

Ylide reacts with carbonyl of ald/ketone and forms a double bond C=C instead of C=O

With the use of Wolff-Kishner (H2NNH2)/base, and Clemmensen Hg(Zn)/HCl, aldehydes and ketones can be completely reduced to alkanes.

Soaps are formed via reaction with carboxylic acids and NaOH

There is a loss of CO2.

an aldehyde

Two carboxylic acids yield to acid anhydride and lose H20.

It gets rid of the carbonyl group and forms an amine. Its called the Hoffman Rearrangement.

Amine

Grignard reagents react with carbonyl twice followed by H20 to form tertiary alcohol.

Ester reacts with LiAlH4 to form two alcohols.

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