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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Neritic marine environments would be found
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associated with continental shelves
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The euphotic zone is confined to the
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epipelagic zone
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Neritic environments are influenced by:
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All of the above factors influence neritic environments
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The sublittoral (subtidal) zone is the area
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below the intertidal zone on the continental shelf
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Zonation of benthic organisms includes all of the following except the
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neritic zone
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Organisms of the mesopelagic zone are characterized by:
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a. bioluminescence.
b. large, sensitive eyes. |
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Organisms with small, expandable bodies, extremely large mouths, and efficient teeth are likely to be found in
the: |
bathypelagic zone
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cyanobacteria
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producer
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bacteria
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decomposer
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flounder
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consumer
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kelp
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producer
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Sargassum
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producer
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starfish
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consumer
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by-catch
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standing stock
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mariculture
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farming of commercial shellfish and finfish
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Marine Mammals Act of 1992
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dolphin protection
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maximum sustainable yield species
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catch without reducing the population
of target species |
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standing stock
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available biomass of target species
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The by-products of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
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false
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Bacteria that manufacture carbohydrates in the absence of solar energy from inorganic
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true
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Net primary production can be estimated as the amount of photosynthesis plus the
amount of respiration |
false
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The group of marine algae with the highest abundance and greatest geographic distribution
belong to the Division Rhodophyta |
true
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Most marine algae are limited to depths above 100 meters; red algae have been observed
growing at depths of over 250 meters. |
true
|
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Diatoms are classified as members of the Division Chlorophyta.
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false
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Marine algae that grow close to the limits of light penetration have accessory
photosynthetic pigments that absorb high energy, short-wavelength light in the blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum. |
true
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Eutrophication results in an overabundance of organic matter.
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true
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Tropical marine waters have the highest rate of primary productivity in the world’s
oceans. |
false
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Energy flow is unidirectional in contrast to nutrients, which cycle in ecosystems.
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true
|
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If the total caloric content of the autotrophic organisms in a marine ecosystem were
250,000 KCAL, then the expected caloric value for the second-level consumers would be 25,000 KCAL. |
false
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Consumers, producers, and decomposers are all examples of trophic levels within a food
chain or food web. |
true
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In primary production:
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there is a net gain in organic carbon.
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Bacteria that make their own carbohydrates by obtaining energy from chemical
compounds and not directly from the sun are |
Chemosynthetic bacteria
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Net primary productivity is
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a. net gain in organic carbon.
b. photosynthesis minus cellular respiration. |
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The nutrients that tend to limit photosynthesis in marine environments include
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b. nitrogen.
c. phosphorus. |
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The depth at which the cellular respiration rate equals the photosynthetic rate is referred
to as the: |
oxygen compensation depth
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The most abundant marine algae are members of the Division:
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Rhodophyta
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Diatoms, important producers in the epipelagic open ocean, are members of the Division:
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Chromophyta.
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Many of the organisms responsible for toxic red tides and paralytic shellfish poisoning
belong to the Division |
Dinophyceae.
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Important marine autotrophs that have SiO2 incorporated in the cell walls are:
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diatoms
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Marine flowering plants include all of the following except:
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Ulva.
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Overproduction of organic matter resulting in anoxic conditions is attributed to:
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eutrophication.
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Harmful algal blooms (HABs):
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may produce toxins that affect human neurological functioning
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Eutrophication is a type of pollution caused by increased
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inorganic nutrient input
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Annually, the relative productivity in the world’s oceans from most productive to least
productive is: |
temperate waters, polar waters, tropical waters
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In temperate oceans during the winter months
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nutrient concentrations are high, solar input is low, and water temperatures decrease.
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In temperate oceans during the summer months
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nutrient concentrations are low, solar input is high, and oxygen solubility decreases.
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Although primary productivity in tropical areas is generally low, which of the following
tropical locations have unusually high primary productivity rates? |
All of the above tropical areas have relatively high primary productivity.
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An area of the open ocean where the rate of primary productivity is very low is referred
to as a(n): |
oligotrophic area
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Productivity in polar oceans is:
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light-limited.
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Productivity in tropical oceans is:
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nutrient-limited
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If 10,000 KCAL of energy were contained in the primary producers, on average how
many KCAL of energy would you expect to be transferred to third-order consumers? |
10 KCAL
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Nutrient flow in an ecosystem is:
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cyclic
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Energy flow in an ecosystem is:
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unidirectional.
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The efficiency of trophic transfers in ecosystems is on average around
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10%.
|
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Which of the following pairs is an incorrect match between organisms and the type of
symbiotic relationship they manifest? |
whale-barnacle: mutualism
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The percentage of biomass regularly recycled in the euphotic zone is about
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90%
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The percentage of euphotic zone biomass that reaches the deep ocean floor is
approximately: |
1 %.
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A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected is:
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commensalism
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The relationship between clown fishes and sea anemones is an example of:
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mutualism
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The maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is best defined as:
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largest catch that can be taken without overfishing.
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The area of the ocean that produces the largest standing stock of commercial fish is in
the: |
continental shelves
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The term-bycatch refers to:
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non-target species that are caught along with commercial species.
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Catches above the maximum sustainable yield:
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result in overfishing.
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Purse seines are nets that:
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surround and trap fishes.
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The mass present at a given time of a population of fish is called its:
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standing stock.
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blue whale
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Order Cetacea, Suborder Mysticeti
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bottlenose dolphin
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Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia
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dugong
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Order Sirenia
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fur seal
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Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti
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gray whale
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Order Cetacea, Suborder Mysticeti
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killer whale
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Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti
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manatee
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Order Sirenia
|
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sea lion
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Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia
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sperm whale
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Order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti
|
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walrus
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Order Carnivora, Suborder Pinnipedia
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blue marlin
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lunate caudal fin
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bluefin tuna
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lunate caudal fin
|
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flounder
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rounded caudal fin
|
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queen angel
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rounded caudal fin
|
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herring
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forked caudal fin
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yellowtail snapper
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forked caudal fin
|
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gray angelfish
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truncate caudal fin
|
|
salmon
|
truncate caudal fin
|
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silvertip shark
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heterocercal caudal fin
|
|
tiger shark
|
heterocercal caudal fin
|
|
Strategies for staying afloat in pelagic environments include air bladder, increased body fat, and increased
density |
false
|
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Sharks have lunate caudal fins.
|
false
|
|
Some fish maintain body temperatures significantly higher than the surrounding water using a modified
circulatory countercurrent heat exchange system between muscle and blood vessels. |
true
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Muscles segments used in locomotion and found along the sides of fish are called myomeres.
|
true
|
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Red muscles fiber is abundant in cruisers, while white muscle fiber is abundant in lungers.
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true
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We currently believe that all marine mammals evolved from land-dwelling mammals.
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true
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One adaptation for deep diving is an increase in heart rate during the dive
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false
|
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Many cetaceans can extract 90% of the oxygen from each breath.
|
true
|
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The mysticeti whales include the humpback, the gray, and the sperm whales.
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false
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The California gray whale is unusual because it stirs up bottom sediment in order to feed.
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true
|
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The migration routes of marine fishes and mammals are well known by man.
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false
|
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All of the following are adaptations to life in the epipelagic zone except:
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increased density
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Which of the following is a member of the Phylum Cnidaria?
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jellyfish
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Identify the mismatched pair.
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squid--chordata
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Which set of fins is used for turning and breaking?
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pectoral and pelvic
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Which set of fins is used as stabilizers?
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anal and dorsal
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The shape of the caudal fin of a shark is referred to as:
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heterocercal
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The caudal fin of fast-cruising fish such as tuna is:
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lunate
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The body shape among fishes varies greatly in accordance with habitat and life-style. A torpedo-shaped body
is found among: |
fast swimming fishes
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Which of the following is not an adaptation for deep diving in Cetaceans?
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blood flow is shifted from the brain to the extremities
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A modified circulatory system in tuna helps it:
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All of the above statements are a result of modified circulation in tuna
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All of the following are adaptations of mesopelagic fishes except:
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Large body.
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Bioluminescence is employed by mesopelagic animals for all of the following except:
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warning coloration.
|
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Which of the following affect the ability of species to capture food?
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All of the above affect the ability of pelagic organisms to capture food.
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An example of a “cruiser” is a:
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tuna
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The muscle tissue of a “lunger” is predominantly
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white
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The speed of a fish is closely related to its
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length.
|
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Cruisers often have relatively high body temperature because:
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it increases the power output of muscle tissue
|
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All of the following are baleen whales except
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sperm whales
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Identify the mismatched pair
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manatee – Cetacea
|
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Sea lions are easily distinguished from seals because they
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have external ears.
|
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The humpback and other baleen whales migrate every year to:
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mate and give birth in the tropics during the winter.
|
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a. arrow worm b. copepod c. ctenophore d. jellyfish e. salp
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a
|
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a. anal b. caudal c. dorsal d. pelvic e. ventral
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e
|
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a. blubber b. collapsible ribs c. gas bladder d. spines e. swim bladder
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b
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a. blue b. gray c. killer d. minke e. sei
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c
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