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88 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is the cellular origin of most cells of the immune system?
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hematopoietic stem cells
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Development and differentiation of different cell lineages depend on cell interactions with ____.
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cytokines
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What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells?
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capture of antigens for display to lymphocye
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What is the primary function of a lymphocyte?
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specific recognition of antigens
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What is the primary function of an effector cell?
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elimination of antigens
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Name three types of lymphocytes.
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B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells
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Name three types of antigen-presenting cells.
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dendritic cells, macrophages, follicular dendritic cells
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Name three types of effector cells.
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T lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes
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What is the primary function of B lymphocytes?
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mediators of humoral immunity
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What is the primary function of T lymphocytes?
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mediator of cell-mediated immunity
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What is the primary function of follicular dendritic cells?
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display of antigents to B lymphocytes in humoral immune response
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What is the primary roll of natural killer cells?
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innate host defense against viral infected or tumor targeted cells.
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Do natural killer cells have antigen specific receptors?
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NO
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True or False : Natural killer cells do not pass through thymus to mature.
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true
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What are the CD markers of natural killer cells?
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CD16, CD56
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True or False: Killing by NK cells is specific.
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False - NK cells do not need to recognize foreign antigens on the target cells
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What is the most abundant lymphocyte?
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helper T lymphocytes
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Where do B cells populate?
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spleen
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What is the important CD marker on helper T lymphocytes?
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CD4+
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What is the important CD marker on cytolitic T lymphocytes?
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CD8+
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What is the important CD marker for B lymphocytes?
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CD19
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Where are APCs primarily found?
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skin, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus
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How are APCs classified?
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ability to phagocytose antigens, location in body and expression of MHC class I and MHC class II molecules
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What are three functions of APCs?
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phagocytosis, antigen presentation, cytokine production
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True or False: B lymphocytes can be APCs.
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True
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Where do follicular dendritic cells reside?
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germinal centers of lymphoid follicles
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Are follicular dendritic cells phagocytic?
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nope
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True or False: Follicular dendritic cells present antigen to helper T cells.
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False
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What is the first cell to arrive at the sight of inflammation?
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neutrophils
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Do neutrophils act as antigen presenting cells?
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no
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Chronic granulomatous disease is caused by what?
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deficiency in neutrophil function
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What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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kill antibody-coated parasites
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Are basophils phagocytic?
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nope
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What is the main functions of basophils?
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express high-affinity Fc receptors for IgE, release active substances during allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
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Mast cells have granules with ____ ____ released after stimulation.
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preformed mediators
(histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes) |
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How are mast cells stimulated?
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anaphylotoxins or by cross-linking of surface IgE
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What are the major effector cells of allergic and hypersensitivity reactions?
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mast cells
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Rank from most to least numerous in normal blood cell counts.
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes |
1. neutrophils (60%)
2. lymphocytes (30%) 3. monocytes (5%) 4. eosinophils (4%) 5. basophils (<1%) |
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What happens to lymphocytes in generative lymphoid organs?
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lymphocytes first express antigen receptors and attain maturity --> clones develop
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What happens to lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organs?
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naive lymphocytes are activated by antigen to become effector cells to initiate induction of adaptive immunity
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Where do lymphocytes develop in fetal mammals?
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yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow
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In adult life, where do lymphocytes normally develop?
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bone marrow
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What are the three major hematopoeitic cell lineages?
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1. Erythroid (RBCs, megakaryocytes)
2. Myeloid (granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes) 3. Lymphoid (lymphocytes) |
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What is the site of B cell maturation?
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bone marrow
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When bone marrow is damaged, hematopoiesis may occur at non-bone marrow sites such as ____ and ____.
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liver and spleen
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What is the site of T cell maturation?
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thymus
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What are lymphocytes called while they live in the thymus?
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thymocytes
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T-cell maturation begins in the ____, and mature lymphocytes migrate towards the ____.
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cortex, medulla
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What happens if you remove the thymus of a neonatal mammal?
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failure of mature T cells
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What happens during positive selection of thymocytes?
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Thymocytes whose receptors bind with low avidity to [self peptide + self MHC] complexes are stimulated to survive.
Thymocytes that do not recognize self MHC are permitted to die. |
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What happens to thymocytes during negative selection?
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Thymocytes whose receptors bind strongly to [self peptide + self MHC] complexes are deleted.
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Let's talk about DiGeorge syndrome...
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congenital absence of thymus -- born with sever deficiency of T-cell mediated immunity
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Lymph from the thoracic duct is emptied into which major blood vessel?
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superior vena cava
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Afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph (into/out of) lymph nodes.
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into
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Efferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph (into/out of) lymph nodes.
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out of
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What are two cell types found in the medullary sinuses of lymph nodes (besides lymphocytes)?
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macrophages, plasma cells
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Naive B and T cells enter lymph nodes through specialized vessels called ____ ____ ____ in the cortex.
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high endothelial venules
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Naive T cells express ____ receptor for chemokines (in T cell zone).
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CCR7
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Naive B cells express ____ receptor for chemokines (in follicles)
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CXCR5
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Mice lacking CCR7 show absent ____ cell zones.
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T
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Mice lacking CXCR5 show absent ____ cell zones.
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B
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Where are B cells found within the spleen?
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germinal centers of lymphoid
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Where are T cells found within the spleen?
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periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS)
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True or False: Individuals lacking their spleen are extremely susceptible to infections.
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true (esp. with encapsulated bacteria which are normally cleared by opsonization and phagocytosis)
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The spleen is the major site of phagocytosis of ____-____ microbes.
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antibody-coated
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Red pulp macrophages remove ____ and dying ___ ___ ___ from the blood.
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microbes, red blood cells
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Which T cells are found in the epidermis?
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CD8+ T cells
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Which T cells are found in the dermis?
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CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
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Macrophages capture antigens in the epidermis to the dermis, and are homed to lymph nodes through lymphatic vessels stimulated by ____.
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chemokines
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What is GALT, and where is it found?
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Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
these are Peyer's patches and diffuse lymphatic tissue found in lamina propria of gut tissue |
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What is MALT, and where is it found?
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Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
mucosal surfaces of genitourinary, gastrointestinal, respiratory tracts --> respond to foreign antigens |
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What is BALT, and wehre is it found?
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Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue
comprised of pharyngeal tonsils |
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What are CDs, and why do we care about them?
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Cluster of differentiation markers
each cell type expresses characteristic surface molecules which is used for identification |
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__ markers are used to identify different sub-populations of immune cells in normal or diseased conditions.
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CD
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What is the main cellular expression of CD3?
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T cells, thymocytes
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What is the main cellular expression of CD4?
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class II MHC restricted T cells, thymocyte subsets
monocytes, macrophages |
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What is the main cellular expression of CD8?
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class I MHC restricted T cells, thymocyte subsets
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What is the main cellular expression of CD16A?
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NK cells, macrophages
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What is the main cellular expression of CD19?
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most B cells
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What is the main cellular expression of CD20?
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most or all B cells
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What is the main cellular expression of CD40?
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B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells
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What is the main cellular expression of CD45?
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hematopoietic cells
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Name the immune cells surface CD antigens on helper T cells.
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CD4
CD3, CD28, CD40 |
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Name the immune cells surface CD antigens on cytotoxic T cells.
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CD8
CD3 |
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Name the immune cells surface CD antigens on B cells.
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MHC class II, CD 40
IgM, B7, CD19, CD20, CD21 |
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Name the immune cells surface CD antigens on macrophages.
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MHC class II, CD40
B7, CD14, receptors for Fc and C3b |
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Name the immune cells surface CD antigens on NK cells.
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receptors for MHC class I, CD16 (binds IgG), CD56
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Which MHC class is found on all nucleated cells?
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MHC class I
(she makes it a point to remind us that these are not found on mature RBCs, but we know that mature RBCs are non-nucleated... so, duh) |
