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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Common substituents
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1) Halogens
2) OH 3) NH2 4) Alkyl 5) Functional group that contains a carbonyl |
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2 Factors that determine whether something is Electron Donating or Electron Withdrawing?
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2 factors are: Inductive effects, Resonance Effects
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Inductive Effects
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Takes into account the electronegativity of the atom. (these are electron-withdrawing)
Takes into account the Polarizable of the atom (these are electron-donating). |
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Resonance Effects
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This only applies when substituents have lone pairs or Pie Bonds!
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Which has more priority? Resonance or Inductive
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Halogen: Inductive effects dominate, and it's "Electron Withdrawing"
O or N: Resonance effects dominates, and it's "Electron Donating" |
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Activates "Ortho" and "Para"
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-NH2
-OH -OR -NHCOR -R -NHR -NR2 |
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Deactivates "Ortho" and "Para"
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-F
-Cl -F -I |
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Deactivates "Meta"
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-CHO
-COR -COOR -COOH -CN -SO3H -NO2 -NR3+ |
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Reaction Rate (Donor and Withdrawing)
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Electron-donor group: substitution is faster, ring is activated
Electron-withdrawing group: substitution is slower, ring is deactivated |
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Di-substituted Benzene
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If they oppose each other, the more powerful activator wins out.
However, no substitution occurs between 2 meta substituents because of crowding |
