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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is FUCOSE
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Fucose is a deoxy monosaccharide derivative that we form from deoxymannose
Most anitgenic glycoproteins and glycolipids contain fucose |
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why is fucose important
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important in brain development and immune system recognition
also important in the development of certain cancers |
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what is the NOTCH system
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signaling system that is highly conserved and is used for cellular differentiation
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what is the SELECTIN system?
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Selectin system is used for white blood cell migration into tissues
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what oligosaccharides contain Fucose that we are concerned with?
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Selectin
Notch |
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what is the function of SELECTIN
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Selectin is a protein (a lectin) in white blood cells that recognizes fucose-containing oligosaccharides on the surface of endothelial cells that line our blood vessels
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what does selectin allow white blood cells to do?
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It allows WBCs to stick and then enter various tissues in our body
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what is the process of plaque formation?
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Tethering > Rolling > Adhesion > Extravasation
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what is the best known roll of NOTCH signaling?
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Nerve cell development
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what does the notch system require for nerve cell development?
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FUCOSE
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What are some examples of cancers that have an overexpression of Notch signaling?
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T-cell acute l;ymphoblastic leukemia
Cervical cancer Basal cell carcinoma Small-cell lung carcinoma Breast cancer Prostate cancer Neuroblastoma |
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What foods do we get FUCOSE from?
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MUSHROOMS
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True or False
FUCOSE is the antigenic monosaccharide in blood group glycolipids |
False
it is not the antigenic monosaccharide but its an important component of these antigens |
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What types of antibodies are produced by a monosaccharide with terminal galactose and fucose?
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Antibodies against A and B antigens are produced
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What type of antibodies are produces by a monosaccharide with terminal fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine?
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antibodies against B antigens are produced
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what is Ceramide?
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a sphingolipid that has a sphingosine backbone and one fatty acid that anchors the carbohydrate for the blood group antigens in the RBC membrane
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Where is Galactose synthesized?
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Galactose is synthesized in the Mammary Gland
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How is Lactose synthesized in the mammary gland?
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UDP-glucose-4-epimerase is used to convert Glucose > Galactose
Lactose synthase is then used to produce Lactose |
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what controls the enzyme lactose synthase?
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Prolactin through alpha-lactalbumin
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what does a gene defect in UDP-galactose-4-epimerase cause?
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Type III galactosemia
this is a rare event |
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what accounts for >80% of mammary gland glucose uptake?
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Lactose synthase
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what is the enzyme lactose synthase composed of?
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2 proteins
Galactosyl transferase Alpha-lactalbumin |
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what is a key regulatory component of lactose synthase enzyme?
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Alpha-lactalbumin
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what stimulates milk production?
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Prolactin
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What inhibits milk production?
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Progesterone
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What is the most abundant protein in milk?
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Alpha-lactalbumin
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why is lactose concentration in homo sapiens milk higher than in any other mammal?
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they think it is for Good Brain Development
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why does human milk contain different kinds of oligosaccharides?
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Human milk is 7% lactose
55-70 g/L milk High lactose is for good brain development other oligosaccharides in milk infants canNOT digest > used to feed gut bacteria |
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what is the most abundant oligosaccharide present in milk?
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FUCOSE
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what is Bifidobacteria
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has a transporter that produces UDP-Glc
posses a unique fructose-6-phosphate phosphketolase pathway employed to ferment carbohydrates |
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what is the composition of Human milk?
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5 monosaccharides
1. D-glucose 2. D-galactose 3. N-acetylglucosamine 4. L-fucose 5. Sialic acid |
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what are the functions of oligosaccharides found in human milk?
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Digestion resistance
Pre-biotic stimulation of GI microbiota Decoy receptors-toxins Pathogens |
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what is Sialic acid?
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N-acetylneuraminic acid is a monosaccharide derivative that is formed each day in large amounts
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What is Sialic acid used for?
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UDP-N-acetylglucosamine > CMP-Sialic acid
Uses CTP to activate Sialic acid to form glucosidic bonds |
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Why is Sialic acid important?
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is the usual attachment point for bacterial toxins and viruses
Many tumor cells have altered the Sialic acid content of their membranes and this is thought to be involved in the spread of tumor cells |
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What are some of the biological functions of Sialic acid?
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Cell adhesion
Cell signaling Glycoprotein stability Bacterial virulence Tumor metastasis |
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What is the medical importance of Sailic acid?
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Influenza inhibitor
Marker for some cancers |
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What pathway is used to form amino sugars?
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Glutamine is always used to put an amino group into a monosaccharide to form an amino sugar
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where does Nitrogen group come from in an amino sugar?
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GLUTAMINE
the pathway is called the Hexosamine Pathway which forms all amino sugars |
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What is glucuronic acid?
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Glucose is used to form glucoronic acid in the liver.
Sugar acid monosaccharide derivative |
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how is Glucuronic acid formed?
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Formed from Glucose
Glucose > Glucose-6-Phosphate > Glucose-1-Phosphate > UDP-Glucuronic acid > D-Glucuronic acid-1-phosphate > D Glucuronic acid |
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why is Glucuronic acid important?
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UDP-glucuronic acid is used to synthesize oligosaccharides/polysaccharides that contain glucuronic acid
-used for detoxification |
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what is Glucuronic acid an important component of?
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Important component of GAGs
1. GlcUA: beta-D-Glucuronic acid 2. IdoUA: alpha-L-iduronic acid 3. Gal: beta-D-galactose 4. GaINAc: beta-D-N-acetylgalactosamine 5. GlcNac: alpha-D-N-acetylglucosamine |
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What acid do we use to get rid of bilirubin, steroids, drugs, and xenobiotics?
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Glucuronic acid
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What is the pentose phosphate pathway?
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off shoot of glycolysis pathway
Glucose-6-Phosphate > Ribulose-5-Phosphate |
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where is the pentose phosphate pathway found?
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in cytoplasm of all cells
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What are the end products of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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There are three different end products that are produced depending on the need of the body:
1. NADPH 2. Ribose 3. ATP |
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What is the rate-limiting and commitment step of the pentose phosphate pathway?
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generation of NADPH
this is the first step in the PPP |
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what points in the PPP can we move back into glycolysis?
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Glucose-6-Phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate Glyceraldehyde-3-phoshpate |
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what is used to determine how much glucose-6-phosphate is sent through the PPP?
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The activity of G-6-P dehydrogenase is used to determine this
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how much glucose-6-phosphate typically gets sent through the PPP?
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~30% of glucose-6-phosphate goes through the PPP
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what is the role of NADPH generated by the pentose phosphate pathway?
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Anabolic pathways:
Fatty acid synthesis Cholesterol synthesis Fatty acid chain elongation Reduction of equivalents of P450 hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, alcohols, steroids, drugs |
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what cells have the highest concentration of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?
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Phagocytic cells
NADPH oxidase uses NADPH to convert molecular oxygen into superoxides > generates ROS > kill phagocytized microorganisms (bacteria) |
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True or False
WBCs have a higher level of Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase than RBC |
True
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