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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Silent Mutation
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No phenotypic consequences
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Deleterious Mutation
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Result in reduced survival or reproduction
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Neutral Mutation
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Result in selectively neutral variation (human hair color)
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Beneficial Mutation
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Result in improved survival or reproduction. Least common.
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Regulatory Genes
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control the expression of other genes (turn them “on” and “off”)
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Principles of Segregation
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“genes” are not blended, but retain their form whether or not they are expressed phenotypically
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Principles of Independent Assortment
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traits are not linked to each other. Not always true
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Homozygous
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having two copies of the same allele at a given locus
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Heterozygous
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having two different alleles at a given locus
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Dominant Allele
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allele that is expressed whether in the homozygous or the heterozygous condition.
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Recessive Allele
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allele that is expressed only in the homozygous condition
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Polygenic Traits
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traits affected by genes at multiple loci
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Epigenetic Changes
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changes in phenotype or gene expression caused by factors other than changes in the DNA sequence
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Evolution
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a change in the allele frequencies of a population between generations
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Fitness
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refers to an organism’s probability of survival and reproduction
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Locus
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the position of a base or set of bases on a chromosome (Where you find the particular trait in a chromosome).
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Gene
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sequence of bases that codes for a specific product
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Mutation
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change in the genetic makeup of an organism
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Genotype
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combination of alleles at a locus
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Haplotype
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allele found in the mitochondrial genome (or the Y chromosome)
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Phenotype
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trait expressed in the organism
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Deletion
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removal of one or more bases from a DNA sequence
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Insertion
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addition of one or more bases to a DNA sequence
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Gametes
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sex cells
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Eukaryotic Cells
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animal cells
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Stem Cells
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has potential to become any body cell
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Species
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largest closed group of organisms that can interbreed naturally and produce fertile offspring
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Genus
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group of related species
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Population
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within a species, the communities of individual within which mates are usually found (Fundamental group where evolution usually starts in)
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Homoeothermic
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maintenance of a constant body temperature
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Heterodont
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different teeth have different shapes and different functions
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Encephalization
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size of brain relative to body
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Hominoid
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apes
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Gene Flow
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movement of alleles between populations through interbreeding
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Genetic Drift
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random error in sampling of parental alleles
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Founder Effect
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genetic drift that occurs when a small group colonizes a new area
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Speciation
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evolution of a new species
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Anagenesis
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a change in a single species over time that is sufficiently large to warrant a change in species
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Caldogenesis
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branching evolution, where one species becomes two or more species
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Parapatric Speciation
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divergence of partially reproductively isolated populations
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Sympatric Speciation
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speciation within a single population
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Spontaneous Speciation
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divergence of populations due to spontaneous chromosomal rearrangement; common in plants
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Adaptive radiation
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a process when many new species come into being in a short period of time
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Homology
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similarity due to descent from a common ancestor
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Homoplasy or Analogy
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similarity due to independent evolution of the same trait
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Kin Selection
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a form of natural selection in which an individual’s fitness is influenced by the fitness of his or her relatives because kin share a proportion of their genes
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Direct Fitness
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the fitness an individual achieves through his or her descendents
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Indirect Fitness
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the fitness that an individual achieves from the reproductive success of non-descendent relatives
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Inclusive Fitness
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the sum of an individuals fitness and the fitness of all the individual relatives, weighted by their degree of relatedness
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Coefficient of relatedness (or degree of relatedness)
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the proportion of an individual’s genes shared by a relative
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Sexual dimorphism
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morphological differences between the sexes
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Sexual Selection
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a form of natural selection acting on variation in the ability of individuals to compete with others of their own sex and to attract member of the opposite sex
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Intrasexual Components of Sexual Selection
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effects of competition between members of the same sex for access to mates
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Intersexual Components of Sexual Selection
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effect of competition to attract mates
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Operational Sex Ratio
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a variable used to assess levels of reproductive competition, taking into account the number of potential breeding males and females, and the amount of time that individuals of both sexes are reproductively active
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Diurnal
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active in the daytime
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Crepuscular
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mainly active around dawn and dusk
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Cathemeral
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active day and night
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Tapetum Lucidem
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a reflecting membrane in the back of the eye
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Prehensile Tail
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5th hand in the form of a tail
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Polyandry
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one female partner with more than one male to raise offspring
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Keystone Food Resource
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resource that enable an organism to survive periods when other foods are unavailable.
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Growth Diet
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diet sufficiently rich to allow reproduction: a high-quality diet.
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Subsistence Diet
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diet that will allow an animal to survive a period of food shortage: a low quality diet.
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Foraging
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(looking for, handling, and consuming food) consumes up to 50% or primate waking periods.
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Foregut Fermentation
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(stomach) digest starched, absorbs protein from microfibers but little is absorbed as glucose, can also help with detoxification
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Hindgut Fermentation
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(caecum and colon) glucose from starch readily absorbed, protein from microfibers not absorbed
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Scramble Competition
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feeding competition in which first come, first-served
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Contest Competition
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aggressive competition to gain control over food
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Home Range
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areas where primates live which contain all of the resources that they need
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