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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acute kidney injury is a rapid decline in ___________ that results in a loss of __________ of metabolic processes.
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glomerular filtration rate, steady-state homeostasis
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The accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood is called __________.
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azotemia
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The clinical syndrome of multiple organ dysfuntion due to retention of "uremic toxins" is called _____.
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uremia
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Underperfusion of the kidneys with otherwise stable function is known as _________ AKI.
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pre-renal
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What is the most common cause of pre-renal AKI.
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volume losses (vomiting, diarrhea, diuretics)
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An obstructive process that causes AKI by mechanistically blocking kidney function is ________ AKI.
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post-renal
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True or false: urinalysis is typically abnormal in post-renal AKI.
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false
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A process resulting in AKI by directly affecting the kidney itself is known as ________ AKI.
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intra-renal
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Protein and red blood cells in the urine may be indicative of __________.
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glomerular injury
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Red blood cell casts may indicate ________.
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glomerulonephritis
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Protein and possible white blood cells in the urine may indicate ____________.
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interstitial disease
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Proteinuria, redblood cells, renal tubule epithelial cells, and muddy brown casts may indicate ___________.
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tubular injury
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What drugs can cause acute interstitial nephritis?
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antibiotics and NSAIDs
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True or false: Glomerulonephritis is usually only associated with one disease state.
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false
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A continuum of hypoperfustion and ischemia of the kidneys is associated with what?
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Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
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True or false: If the tubular basement membrane remains intact after ATN, normal kidney function may return.
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true
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True or false: The fact that ATN is potentially reversible distinguishes it from chronic kidney disease.
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true
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The best therapy for patients with End Stage Kidney Disease is ___________.
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renal transplantation
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Which two factors are the major immune barriers to successful renal transplantation?
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1. ABO blood group antigens
2. HLA histocompatiblity antigen |
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True or false: ABO antigens are only expressed on red blood cells.
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false
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Where are HLA histocompatiblity antigens expressed?
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on most cell membranes
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True or false: Identical twins are ideal matches for eachother.
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true
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An attack on a transplanted organ that occurs as soon as reperfusion occurs is known as a _________ rejection.
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hyper-acute
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A transplanted kidney experiencing hyper-acute rejection suffers from _________.
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ischemia
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A rejection that occurs within the first one to two weeks of transplantation is known as a ________ rejection.
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acute
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What can be used to effectively treat acute rejection?
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corticosteroids and antibodies against T lymphocytes.
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Acute cellular rejection is largely initiated by ________________
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T lymphocytes
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Cytokines released during acute cellular rejection cause ______________.
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cell destruction
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A type of acute rejection that is characterized by occlusion of blood vessels and collapse of glomerular capillary beds is ____________.
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acute vascular rejection
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What are the three main functional consequences of acute rejection?
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1. fall in GFR
2. increased protein excretion 3. increase in systemic blood pressure |
