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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Extreme burning or shock-like pain episodes on one side of face
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Trigeminal neuralgia
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Nasal congestion/discharge, loss of smell, fever, pressure HA, sore throat/postnasal drip, along with pain over sinuses
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Sinusitis
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Fever, HA, photophobia, irritability, clouding of consciousness, nuchal rigidity, positive Kernig's sign
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Meningitis
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Inflammation and swelling throughout the brain, fever, HA, increased ICP, stiff neck, photophobia, and may progress to seizures
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Encephalitis
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Inflammation of temporal arteries, > 50 y/o, throbbing temporal pain, visual changes, weakness, loss of appetite, jaw pain/fatigue, can lead to irreversible vision loss
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Temporal Arteritis
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Bleeding in the epidural or subdural space; history of head trauma or aneurysm
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Intracranial hematomas
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List the signs and symptoms of an intracranial hematoma
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HA, N/V, visual changes, seizures, ALOC, hemiparesis, speech disorders
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Swelling of the optic disc; HA, N/V, vision problems (double vision)
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Papilledema
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Name some of the causes of Papilledema (swelling of the optic disc)
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Intracranial pressure, brain tumor, trauma, meningitis, encephalitis
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Often asymptomatic until it ruptures
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Aneurysm
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This is caused by a DNA mutation and can affect such hormones at prolactin, ACTH, and GH
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Pituitary Adenoma
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This is caused by atherosclerosis, anxiety/stress, excess Na intake, or a kidney disorder and is often asymptomatic
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Hypertension
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List five factors included in the metabolic syndrome
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1. Insulin resistance 2. HTN 3. cholesterol abnormalities 4. increased risk for clotting 5. abdominal obesity
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If you have the metabolic syndrome what are you at an increased risk for?
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Cardiovascular disease
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Distinguish between dizziness and vertigo.
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Dizziness = disorientation in space, unsteady, lightheadedness, confused
Vertigo = spinning (either you or the environment) |
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List some of the causes of vertigo.
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Dehydration, hypotension, motion sickness, ear infection, lybrynthitis, MS, head trauma, migraine
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An inner ear disease that causes vertigo and hearing changes; S/S triad: vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss
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Meniere's disease
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What does thyroid hormone do?
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It regulates metabolism
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The most common cause of hyperthyroidism that causes an enlargement of the thyroid, heat intolerance, anxiety and bulging eyes (exophthalmos):
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Graves Disease
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Explain the pathology of Graves disease.
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The body produces and antibody that mimics TSH and causes and oversecretion of TH
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Name the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (15-30% of US cases) in which a benign or malignant thyroid nodule appears.
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Toxic Nodular Goiter (TNG)
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What is phoechromocytoma and what are its classic triad of symptoms?
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It is a tumor of the adrenal medula with excess secretion of catecholamines (epi and norepi). Symptom Triad: Diaphoresis, episodic HA, and tachycardia
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AVPU is what?
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It is a way to assess consiousness. AVPU: Alert, Verbal Communication, Pain Stimulation, Unconscious
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What is the Glasgow technique?
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It is a scale method to assess consiousness based on eye opening, verbal response, and motor response
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PEARLL is what?
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It is a way to assess consiousness. PEARLL: Pupil, Equal, And, Round, Reg. in size, Light reactions
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An extensive network of nuclei and interconnecting fibers in the upper pons, midbrain, and posterior diencephalon is called what?
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Reticular Activating System (RAS)
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A progressive degeneration of nerve cells; loss of GABA neurons (inhibitory) within the basal ganglia; A genetic autosomal dominant disease
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Huntingtons Disease
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What are the signs and symptoms of Huntingtons Disease?
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Chorea (irreg spasmodic, involuntary movements), dementia, problems with speech, balance, and swallowing
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What is the prognosis for a patient with Huntingtons disease?
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Life expectancy after diagnosis is 10-25 years; mean age of death is 51-57 years old
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What does "tonic" refer to in reference to seizures?
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Stiffening
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What does "clonic" refer to in reference to seizures?
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Jerking movements
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What does a person experiencing an absence seizure look like?
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They appear to be daydreaming
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What does thiamin do and what is a consequence of its deficiency?
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Thiamin helps produce energy needed to make neurons function properly. Insufficient thiamin can lead to damage or death of neurons.
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Loss of brain function due to thiamin (B1) deficiency caused by alcoholism, AIDS, weight loss procedures or extreme N/V is what? (Hint "wet brain")
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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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What does Wernick-Korsakoff Syndrome cause?
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It causes visual, coordination, and memory changes along with problems making new memories; patients often confabulate (make up info that can't remember)
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Is Werkicke-Korsakoff syndrome curable?
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High doses of B! will stop destruction but previous damage cannot be repaired
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What are the two common causes of a stroke?
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1. Ischemia: Thrombus/embolus
2. Hemorrhage: dissected aneurysm, subarachnoid hem, arteriovenous malformations (AVM) |
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What are the signs of a stroke? (Hint: S-T-R-O-K-E)
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Speech, Tingling, Remembering, Off-balance, Killer H/A, Eyes
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Name the degenerative disorder caused by a depletion of dopamine resulting in hypertonia (tremor & rigidity) and akinesia; loss of substantia nigra, dopamine producting neurons; excess cholinergic activity in basal ganglia
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Parkinsons Disease
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What are the signs and symptoms of Parkingsons disease?
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Resting tremor, rigidity, bardykinesia/akinesia, shuffling gate, stooped posture, disequalibrium, muffled/slurred speech, diminished facial expression, and dimentia (usually over 70 y/o)
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What is the common onset age of Parkinsons disease and about what age does it peak?
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Onset: 40
Peaks: 58-62 |
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Define hypertonia.
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Increased rigidity, tension, and spasticity of the muscles
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Define akinesia.
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Absense, loss, or impairment of voluntary movement
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Define bradykinesia.
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Abnormal slowness of physical movement
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What is antiproliferative factor (APF) and what kinds of patients is it found in?
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It blocks normal growth of cells in the bladder and is found in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC).
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What are the signs and symptoms of insterstitial cystitis (IC)?
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Symptoms of UTI w/o bacteria
Irritation of bladder wall - bleeding/pain - inflam/fibrosis - hemorrhagic (Hunner) ulcers - polyuria |
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What is the treatment for IC?
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No cure but 30% of pts will improve w/ Elmiron (meds)
Diet changes (cut out alc and caffeine) |
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What does SIADH stand for?
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Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion
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What causes SIADH?
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Idiopathic; brain inj, infection, trauma, stroke, hemorrhage, ADH secreting tumor
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What is the MOST COMMON cause of SIADH?
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Bronchogenic cancer (it produces ADH)
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What are the symptoms of SIADH?
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Weakness, nausea, muscle twitching, HA, and wt gain; urine vol decreases but its osmolarity increases; serum volume increases while its sodium and osmolarity decreases
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What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?
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Lack of ADH
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What are the three causes of DI?
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Neurogenic: absence of ADH (pit. prob)
Nephrogenic: renal tubules don't respond to ADH Psychogenic: excesses fluid intake suppresses ADH |
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Signs and symptoms of DI?
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Excess urination (polyuria) and thirst (polydipsia)
Excretion of large volumes of dilute urine; dehydration |
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What kind of testing is done to confirm a DI diagnosis?
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Check serum osmolarity (up) vs. urine osmolarity (down); check plasma ADH levels
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A patient presents with plasma osmolarity of 500 mOsm/kg (norm is 275-299). What is most likely the diagnosis?
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DI
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A 60 y/o male presents w/ increased urge to urinate but has a weak stream. He recently starting getting up in the night to urinate and sometimes leaks urine. What is a likely diagnosis (from Mod 11)?
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Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
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Which bladder d/o is characterized by detrusor muscle overactivity?
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Overactive bladder syndrome
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Which bladder d/o is caused by neurologic d/o's?
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Neurogenic bladder
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What is it called when the bladder leaks or there is incontinence while laughing, sneezing, coughing, and/or lifting?
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Stress incontinence
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Distiguish between diverticulosis and diverticulitis.
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Diverticulosis is an outpouching of the GI tract; when those outpouchings become inflamed and/or infected it becomes diverticulitis
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Inflammation of the colon that causes ulceration is called what?
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Ulcerative Colitis (UC)
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What parts of the colon is UC most common?
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Rectum and sigmoid colon (which is why left sided pain is more common)
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What age group is UC most common?
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20-40 y/o
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What is melena?
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Black, tarry stools
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An inflammation in the GI, most commonly in the ascending and tranverse colon is what?
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Crohn's disease
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What are the signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease?
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Abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stools, "skip lesions," transmural inflam., and wt. loss
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If the ileum is affected by Crohn's, what additional s/s are involved?
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Malabsorption of vit. B12, folic acid, and vit. D (anemia)
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Blocked, non-working intestines, hypomotility of GI tract is called what?
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Ileus
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What is the most common setting for the development of ileus?
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Post-op
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What is dumping syndrome associated with?
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Post gastric bypass surgery
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Chromosomal disorder XXY?
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Klinefelter syndrome
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Signs and symptoms of Klinefelter's syndrome?
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Men with both M & F characteristics, low testosterone (less body/facial hair), weak muscles and bones, shy, infertile (95-99%), impaired language development
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Chromosomal disorder X?
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Turner Syndrome
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What are the signs and symptoms of Turner's syndrome?
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Short stature, no/irreg. menstrual periods, no breast devel/widely spaced nipples, infertility, low posterior hairline, webbed neck, infants have swollen hands/feet
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What organ produces GH?
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Anterior pituitary
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Achondroplasia and primordial are two types of what?
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Dwarfism
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Is achondroplasia dwarfism autosomal dominant or recessive?
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Autosomal dominant (and sometimes spontaneous)
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Is primordial dwarfism autosomal dominant or recessive?
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Autosomal recessive
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Which type of dwarfism causes the development of a normal size torso and shorter arms and legs?
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Achondroplasia dwarfism
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Which type of dwarfism causes one to proportionately small?
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Primordial dwarfism (hint: P: Primordial; P: Proportionate)
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What is cryptoorchidism?
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Undescended testicle(s)
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When should testis normally descend?
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At about 28-40 weeks of gestation
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Congenital urethral opening at underside/topside of normal location is called what?
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Hypospadias/epispadias (retrospectively)
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HTN, pain, abdominal or back mass, hematuria, frequent kidney infections are s/s for what?
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Polycystic Kidney Disease
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What is the difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseases?
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Dominant: Onset in adulthood
Recessive: Onset at birth or childhood |
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Is sickle cell anemia autosomal dominant or recessive?
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Autosomal recessive
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A lateral curvature of the spine is called what?
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Scoliosis
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A congenital heart defect in which there is a transposition of the great vessels is called what?
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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What are the four defects of Tetralogy of Fallot?
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1. Ventricular septal defect
2. Aortic transposition 3. Pulmonary stenosis 4. Rt Ventricular hypertrophy |
