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28 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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what are the most likely mediators in vasodilation?
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prostaglandins, nitric oxide
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what are the most likely mediators in increased vascular permeability?
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vasoactive amines, C3a & C5a (through liberating amines), Bradykinin, Leukotrienes C4, D4, E4, PAF
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what are the most likely mediators in chemotaxis, leukocyte activation?
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C5a, leukotriene B4, bacterial products, cytokines (IL-8)
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what are the most likely mediators in fever?
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prostaglandins, bradykinin
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what are the most likely mediators in pain?
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prostaglandins, bradykinin
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what are the most likely mediators in tissue damage?
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neutrophil and macrophage lysosomal enzymes, oxygen metabolites, nitric oxide
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how are leukocytes activated?
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via complicated phospholipase C cascade
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what occurs after leukocyte activation?
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extravasation and phagocytosis
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how do leukocytes undergo extravasation and phagocytosis?
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(1) margination and pavementing (2) emigrations/transmigration (3) chemotaxis (4) phagocytosis (5) cell killing and degradation
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what occurs with leukocytes during normal blood flow?
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leukocytes and RBC's are in central axial column with plams peripheral
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what occurs to blood flow carrying leukocytes during inflammation?
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slows early in inflammation
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what occurs during margination?
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leukocytes fall out of center axial column, tumble along endothelium, called rolling
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what is margination mediated by?
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selectins, which are expressed on endothelial cells, mediate rolling by loosely binding to sialylated forms of oligosaccharides bound to leukocyte cell surface glycoproteins
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name some selectins involved in margination?
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P-selectin, E-selectin, L-selectin
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what does P-selectin do?
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released from Weibel-Palade bodies (preformed) so expressed within minutes of stimulation
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what does E-selectin do?
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expressed 4-12 hours after stimulation and gone by 24 hours
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what does L-selectin do?
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expressed on leukocytes
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what contributes to leukocyte pavementing/adhesion?
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immunoglobulins and integrins
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what immunoglobulins are involved in leukocyte adhesion?
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ICAM-1 (CD54), VCAM
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what integrins are involved in leukocyte adhesion?
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CD11a & b/CD18 (LFA 1 & Mac-1), all leukocytes, VLA-4
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where do immunoglobulins expressed which are involved in leukocyte adhesion do?
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on endothelial surfaces, 'tightly' bind to integrins for emigration
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what role does ICAM-1 (CD54) do in leukocyte adhesion?
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expressed 4 hours after stimulation, peaks at 12 hours, lasts to 96 hours
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where are integrins that affect leukocyte adhesion expressed?
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on surface of activated leukocytes
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what leukocytes have CD11a & b/CD18 (LFA-1 & Mac-a)?
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all leukocytes
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what leukocytes have VLA-4?
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lymphocytes, monocytes, basophilss, eosinophils
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what is deficient in leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
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Beta2 integrin deficiency (LAD type I)
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what animals have LAD type I?
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holstein cattle and irish setters
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what are the features of LAD type I?
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high levels of circulating neutrophils, patients develop severe, recurring infections but not pus formed, leukocytes lack CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) due to defect in gene encoding CD18 portion or molecule impairing Leukocyte emigration & chemotaxis impaired
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