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76 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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not producing internal echoes on ultrasound
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anechoic
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interaction produces two high-energy photons(gamma rays) in opposite directions (separated by 180 degrees)
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annihilation
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produces cross-sectional tomographic images by first scanning a slice of tissue from multiple angles with a narrow x-ray beam
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computed tomography
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attenuation of a specific tissue relative to that of water
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CT number
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relies on the movement of molecules and random thermal motion
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diffusion imaging
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equipment designed to image two modalities simultaneously and integrate the images
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direct fusion
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producing a relatively strong reflection in ultrasound
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echogenic
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full magnetization on T1 weighted images to ensure a large contrast difference between fat and water
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fat- suppressed images
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allows the localization of specific regions of the brain that correspond to various functions
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functional MR(fMR)
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A sodium iodide crystal detects the ionizing radiation emitted from the patient
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gamma camera
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spiral continuous motion
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helical
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requires software to fuse two imaging modalities
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integrated imaging
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structures that have the same echogenicity
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isoechoic
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A strong magnet producing radio frequencies at specified intervals and receiving a return signal to produce an image
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MRI
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using radio pharmaceuticals to produce ionizing radiation which is detected by gamma camera to produce image
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nuclear medicine
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uses radiopharmaceutical that emits a positron and is detected by a moving gamma camera
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PET
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drug tagged to emit ionizing radiation
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radiopharmaceutical
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gamma camera moves around the patient and detects the gamma rays produced by the radiopharmaceutical
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SPECT
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most common pules used in MRI
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spin echo
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equilibrium high energy protons return to the low energy state
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T1 weighted images
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images relies upon local dephasing of spins
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T2 weighted images
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images produced by high frequency sound waves emitted from the transducer that are echoed back to produce an image
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Ultrasound
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takes all the raw CT data density information and uses them to simulate three dimensional images
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volume rendered imaging
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localized area of chronic inflammation often with central necrosis
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granuloma
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caused by previous surgery, peritonitis, or external hernia
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small bowel obstruction
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white blood cells engulf and enzymatically digest infecting organisms and cellular debris
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phagocytosis
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rupture of a blood vessel
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hemorrhage
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caused by bowel telescoping into itself
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intussusception
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appears as persistent collection of barium surrounded by halo of edema
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gastric ulcer
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one of two inflammatory processes of unknown cause that primarily affects young adults
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ulcerative colitis
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two major types: cholesterol and pigment
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cholelithiasis
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neoplastic process occurring commonly in the head, causing the gland to have an irregular contour and semisolid pattern on the sonogram
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pancreatic adenocarcinoma
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primary liver cancer
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hepatocellular carcinoma
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protein and lipid digesting enzymes become activated within the pancreas causing the organ to ingest itself
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acute pancreatitis
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sudden attack of inflammation of the gallbladder
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Acute cholecystitis
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neoplastic growth with about half of the occurrences in the rectum and sigmoid most often in older men
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colonic carcinoma
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dilated veins in the esophageal wall
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esophageal varices
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esophageal lumen does not develop separately from trachea
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tracheoesophageal fistula
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fungus or virus causing a cobblestone pattern caused by deep ulcerations and sloughing of the mucosa
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infectious esophagitis
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inflammation of the stomach presenting an abnormal surface pattern in the gastric mucosa
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acute gastritis
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inflammatory process of the stomach and duodenum caused by the action of acid
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peptic ulcer
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most common manifestation of peptic ulcer
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duodenal ulcer
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occur mostly in the distal stomach and are of glandular origin
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stomach cancer
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tumor is of squamous cell type and occurs at the esophagogastric junction
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esophageal carcinoma
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much of the stomach lies within the thoracic cavity
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hiatal hernia
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normal squamous lining is destroyed and replaced with columnar epithelium
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Barrett's esophagus
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outpouching herniating through the muscular layer of the esophagus
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Diverticula
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an inflammatory process usually of the proximal colon involving multiple noncontiguous segments (skip lesions)
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crohn's colitis
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severe mucosal atrophy causing thinning or an absence of mucosal folds
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chronic atrophic gastritis
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necrosing inflammation in the out pouches representing acquired herniation
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Diverticulitis
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disorder of intestinal motility in which fluid and gas do not progress normally
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Adynamic illeus
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chronic granulomatous inflammatory disorder of unknown cause
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crohns disease
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Reflects the attenuation of a specific tissue relative to that of water, which is arbitrarily assigned a CT number of 0 and appears gray on the image
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CT number
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A loss in the uniformity of individual cells and their architectural orientation
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Dysplasia
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reduction in the size or number of cells in an organ or tissue, with a corresponding decrease in function
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Atrophy
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Blood trapped within the body tissue
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hematoma
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localized area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of either its arterial supply or its venous drainage
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infract
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New growth
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neoplasia
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closely resemble their cells of origin in structure and function
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Benign
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highly malignant tumors arising from connective tissues such as bone, muscle and cartilage
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sarcomas
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malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin effects epithelial tissues, skin and mucous membranes lining body cavities
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carcinomas
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alterations in the DNA structure that may become permanent hereditary changes if they affect the gonadal cells
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mutations
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associated with pus formation
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suppurative inflammation
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assesses aggressiveness, or degree of malignancy
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grading
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study of diseases that can cause abnormalities in the structure or function of various organ systems
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pathology
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the initial response of the body tissues to local injury
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inflammation
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outpouching representing acquired herniations of mucosa and submucosa through weak points in the muscular layer
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diverticulosis
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perforation permitting fecal material to enter the peritoneum, causing general peritonitis if not treated
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appendictitis
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twisting of the bowel on itself leading to intestinal obstruction
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volvulus
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complete rupture of the esophageal wall
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preforation
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gas forming organisms that are facilitated by stasis and ischemia due to cystic duct obstruction
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emphysematous cholecystitis
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loculated fluid collections resulting from the process associated with acute pancreatitis
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pseudocyst
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extensive calcification in the wall of the gallbladder
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porcelain gallbladder
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most common neoplastic process involving the liver
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hepatic metastasis
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chronic process of destruction of liver cells and structure causing end-stage liver disease
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cirrhosis
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any symptomatic condition or structural changes due to reflux of stomach content into esophagus
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GERD
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