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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a congenital malformation?
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Disorder present at birth
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What ios teratology?
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Study of the causes of congenital malformations?
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What is a teratogen?
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Substance that can cause congenital malformations
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What is the most important factor in whether a teratogen will have an effect?
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stage of development
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what time period is the most sensitive to teratogens?
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Organogenesis (embryonic)
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What are the general problems that congenital malformations can cause?
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Developmental failure
Developmental excess Developmental dysplasia |
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Example of Agenesis
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cyclopia
Renal agenesis |
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Example of hyoplasia
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cerebellar or renal
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Example of dysraphia
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cleft palate
schistoma reflexa |
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Example of Atresia
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Atresia Ani
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Example of failure of migrations
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Ectopia cardis
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Example of failure of regression
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persistent vetteline duct
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Example of hamartoma
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pulmonary in cattle - excessive and redundant tissue
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Example of choristoma
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Acessory pancreatic tissue. Normal and abnormal site
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Example of supernumerary
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POlydactyl
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Example of dysplasia
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mitral valve dysplasia
Chrondrodysplasia |
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What kind of response will a stimulus inside normal responses evoke?
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Physiological
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What kind of response will a stimulus evoke if it is outside normal limits?
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pathologial response
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What changes wilkl be evoked in severe psthological stimuli
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Hydropic change
fatty change Necrosis apoptosis |
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What changes can be evoked in mild pathological stimulus?
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Altered growth and differention
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What is atrophy
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Decrease in funcitonal mass of an organ, cell or tissue
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Give an exmaple of disuse atrophy
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Limb, denervation
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Follicular atrophy is an example of what kind of atrophy
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Hormonal, loss of endocrine stimulation
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if there is a hormone secreting tumor, how can that result in a loss of endocrine stimulation
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Excessive negative feedback
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A tumour in what region of the adrenal gland can suppress ACTH production in the pituitary gland?
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Zona fasiculata
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Other casuses of atrophy
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Ischemi, pressure, nutrional, metabolic, inflam and necrosis
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What is hypertrophy?
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Increase in size or functional mass of a tissue, cell or organ
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What is hyperplasia?
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Increase in number.
Play, more playing the better |
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£ overal causes of hypertrophy and hyperplasia
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functional demand
hormonal imbalance reactive change ageing change |
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Give example of Hypertrophy affecting male dogs
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prostatic gland hypertrophy. excess androgens
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What will a functional Pituitary tumor secreting ACTH result in?
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Bilateral hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. (zona fasiculta)
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What will hyerplasia/hypertrophy of the zona fasiculata result in an excess production of?
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cortisol
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What is reactive change?
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normally reaction to chronic inflam. eg epidermal hyperplasia
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Is metaplasia reversible?
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Yes
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Change of columnar epithelial in airways to stratified squamous. what is the metaplasia called?
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Squamous metaplasia. based on new cell type
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3 examples of metaplasia:
Transitional cell to columnar epithelial to fibrous tissue to |
stratified squamous
epithelial with goblet cartilage or bone |
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What is a common cause of squamous metaplasia?
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chronic irritation
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Which vitamin deificiency can cause generalised squamous metaplasia?
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Vit A
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What hormone can cause urinary tract squamous metaplasia
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Oestrogen
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Characterise dysplasia
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increased cell prolifer and incomplete maturation
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why is dysplasia important?
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preneoplastic change
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Give 2 reasons why dysplastic cells start to resemble neoplastic cells
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increased polymorphism, increased nucleus:cytoplasm ration (large nucleus!)
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Why do you see more mitotic figures?
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Increased proliferation rate
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what is the order of teratogen activty on organs?
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Eye brain palate with undertones of axial skeleton and a hit of urogenital at the end.
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