Pathology exam 1

Any abnormality or aborality associated with disease. (always anitomical)

Cause of disease.

Progression of disease.

Scientific proof of exsistance of disease by testing phyical examination and history.

Expected outcome of disease.

Objective, something an examiner can detect (see)

Subjective, what person themselves is experiencing. (feel)

Accumulation of signs and symptoms.

one line in simians, deep crease

reflection of eye in starburst pattern

pressent at birth

picked it up from somewhere else

not a gene, since a member of a family you're more likely to get it.
Example: Family history of diabities, .

(genetic) These genes cause this disease to occur.
Example: sickle cell

(aka path anatomy) Changes that occur in organs, tissues and cells....disease.

changes that can be seen by naked eye

changes seen only under Microscope

looking at disease academically (generally), not individually

Done in a clinical setting

excise tissue from living organism to study that tissue (biopsy, 2 methods to be done, Paraffin or frozen section.)

instrument used-microtome, fine blade takes extreme thin sections of tissue.
Tissue is fixed by chemicals, coated(embedded) in paraffin and examined under microscope

use a cryostat, freeze off different layers of tissue to examine under microscope.

More reliable but more steps which takes longer

false negative

Any test done in hospital to study body secretions

Looking at changes in function due to disease.
Example: treadmeal stress test.

Special, gino. Confined to one area

look at body sytem and all disease that occur

study tissues from cadavers.

medical and legal profession together, used for suspicious death

1539, mainly animal disection
first to corridinate w/post mordum findings, changes occurred w/disease.

1540, human disection-well liked, able to do human disection=dead criminals
looked at structure&function of body (phsiology)

1638- talked about circulatory system&circulation in body.
knew about closed system but not how connected.

1700's- circulation
made microscope to see capillaries&solve circulatory system worked.

1796- cowpox that lead to small pox vaccine

1870- concerned high death rate of others and newborns and mums. WASH YO HANDS!

1867- antiseptics in surgery

1870-germ therory. TB. Vaccines. Compete but worked together

1870- 1880's-father of modern pathology
cellular theory of disease
states-all disease occurs of changes at cellular level.

2 cultures (greeks and romans)

hipprocates
1st=history taking
physical examination.

believed what cause disease was imbalance in humors (fluids in body) aka internal homestatis.
4 types of fluids.
Bring back to balance
1. phlem
2. blood
3. yellow bile
4. black bile

Galen,
medical experimentation
renoun anatomist.

promoted sanitization (buried outside cities, aquaducts and public baths)

Shamen, witch doctors, fakir
they looked at etiology (evil spirits, were allowed to enter body because you pissed off gods)
treatments used+herbs, potions
surgical called trephining= (hole in skull with rock to let the spirits out)

*use of senses
*barriers
*localization (example: inflamatory process-keep it in one place to prevent generalization)
*phagocytes,
*lyphocytes, b and t cells (producing antibodies)
*norma flora, competative exclusion.
*aquired resistance, passive and active immunity. Artificial and natural.
*chemotharapy

2600 BCE, wrote about over 300 treatments and diagnosis. (egyptian)

herbs by chinese for disease

discriptions and artifacts of over 120 surgical instruments, and 300 different surgery

aka contributing factors and risk factors.
Comes before disease, more likely to get disease.
*geographic factors
*family (genetic)
*lower resistance
*occupation
*time and history
*age
*gender
*race
*nutritional status
*socioeconomic status

study of disease (Departure of normal)

what are the signs and symptoms

state of balance.

all your body systems are working together (balance)

body is working with outside environment (balance)
look at parameters around what normal is.

alcohol
Microbe agents
Allergies
Trauma
Congenital
Radiation (physical)
Genetics
Aging
Deficiancies
Intoxications
Neurologic stress.

Don't know what causes it. Example: Hypertention

Fever is present

comes on quickly, intensify quickly.

Occurs at your job.

changing function only-cold,

Change of structure aka organic diseases.
exp-heart defects, tb,

State of mind that causes actual illness.
Stress=high blood pressure.

you convince you have illness...psychological.

symptoms decrease (some cancers, multiple schlorosis) (chronic)

symptoms come back and intensify (chronic)

recovering, symptoms coming less intense (acute)

get worse again

something happens due to underlying disease-
Example: poor circulation,

Follows disease
example: stroke->memory loss and aphasia.

Rate of ppl who die from disease.

number of people with specific disease

over a large geographical area.

sudden large increase of case

expected cases disease. Example: flu

occasionally see disease

Study of patern of disease.

any point in time, number of cases

new cases in a defined time period

direct cause. Hit with car.

increase chance of getting disease. Risk factor. Eating at damons

Made by living systems, organic.
plants, bacteria, normal flora(vit k).
Required by body in small amounts for normal body functions.
If not enough=signs and symptoms.
act as cattlist.
2 major cats: water and fat soluable.

B and C
absorbed directly into blood stream.
If too much, illimated from body via urine.

A, D, E, K
goes through entire systems to go through.
Need bile to break down.
will be stored in body fat.
Too much=hypervitaminosis, will cause symptoms...could be mild or serious.

from soil.
Assential minerals=greater amount.
iron (RBC)
Calcium: bones and teeth
Iodine: Thyroid gland function.

small amount, eat you get them. Example: Mangonese.

Minerals, have very specific functions.

Potasium: proper heart function.
passing nerve impulses.
Work opposite each other, osmosis.
Maintain water balance.
2. Sodium

(thiamin)
transmition nerve impulses
cattllist in metabolism of carbs.
Sources: flours, whole grains, beef.
marginal d: digestive symptoms, anorexia, weight loss.
high d (Beriberi): heart damage, enlargement of heart. CNS, memory loss, no consentration.
Chronic boozers, diabetics.
Toxicity- not much= water soluable.
(Water S)

(Riboflavin)
enable body use oxygen.
dairy and poultry.
Deficiancy rare, if so
marginal: symptoms is cheilosis, dryness of mouth. Tongue magenta color.
(Water S)

(Niacin)
energy= ADT(Storage) & APT(Release)
poultry. organ meats. sweet breads.
>Marginal deficiancy- cramping, digestional
>Gross deficiancy- pellagra, skin dry and scaley. Diariah. Mental imparement.
>Toxicity: liver damage (rare)
(Water S)

(pantothenic acid)
Metabolism of carbs.
Sources: corn, lentals, beans, nuts, egg.
Deficiancy is rare.
(Water S)

(pyroxidine)
nerve transmition.
fish, eggs, whole grains.
Deficiancy isn't common
(Water S)

(cyanocobamine)
most important
rbc carry enough oxygen to mature.
Also metabolism fat.
sythesis DNA & RNA.
fish, shell fish, beef, dairy,
Gross d: pernicious anemia.
s&s, pale. Decreases nerve function & memory loss-confussion.
**intrinsic factor- clings to b12 and allows to protect from acidity in stomach (coats).
need a shot.
Folic acid associated w/ B12
(Water S)

sources: nuts.
Deficiancies: megaloblastic anemia, sleep disorders, alcoholism is the leading cause of folic deficiancy. Preggo woman need high amounts.
Toxicity is rare.
(Water S)

ascorbic acid, cartilage is built up. Adrinaline. Boost immune system.
citrus fruit, peppers, brocolli, colliflour.
Gross deficiancy- scurvy
s&s =shortness of breath, bleeding, bruises, bleeding=lead to anemia.
Tendancy lead to infection.
slow healing.
Toxicity=rare.

aquamephyton
blood clotting, more than half produced by microbiota, cheese, crusiform veggies.
>deficiancy=more common young infants....results to bleed.
Infants injected with VK.
Toxicity rare, could lead to formation of clots.
(FAT S)

anti sterility vitamin, in animals >can lead to failed preggo and poor testicular development. Not associated with human sterility.
Antioxidants- damaging body cells. decrease cancers.
Sources- wheat germ
>deficiancy and toxicity=NONE!
(FAT S)

Sunshine vitamin.
Utilize calcium.
sun. dairy
>deficiancy, children-rickets, softening bone=deformities (bowing legs, rachitic rosary-nodules where ribs form, pigean chested, narrow and deep chest. Teeth don't form well, second set form late.
Adults=osteomalacia, deformities don't occur bones get soft.
>Toxicity- digestive
elevate blood pressure
naussia
(FAT S)

retinal (meats)
beta carotene (plant sources)
production rhodopsin- in retna, prevent night vision.
Also healthy skin.
organ meats, dairy, yellow veggies.
>Deficiancy-Nyctolopia=night blindness.
Xerophalmia, eyes very dry, if untreated can lead to keratomalacia= damages retra and cornia=lead to permanent blindness.
Phrynoderma- skin dry, scaly, bumpy.
Also increase resp infection.
(FAT S)

Formation-bones&teeth, heart and nerve function.
Calcium levels r assisted by having sufficient levels of VD. Parathormone.
Calcatonone- secreated=thyroid gland.
>deficiany- same as VD
>toxicity- rare kidney stones.

normal thyroid function.
salt, seafood.
>d-children=cretinis, appearance, short, pot bellied, some degree mental retardation
>adults-goiter=swelling of thyroid.

proper utilization-oxygen by body cells & tissues.
liver, whole grains, red meats.
Readily absorbed by meat sources than grains.
iron deficiancy anemia=most common definancy in US. Symptoms= fatigue, weakness, palpatations.
>Toxicity=digestive symptoms, damage to heart.

water balance in cells and body in general.
sodium-found in everything.
processed foods= high level. Potasium- bananas, raisins, apples.
sodium deficiancy= rare, athletes who sweat a lot.
potasium deficiancy- ppl who use diaretics, anyone w/a GI problem, diarhia.
>symtoms=weakness, irregular heart beat, muscle cramping.
sodium toxicity- swell up
>potasium toxicity- rare, can lead to heart failure or damage.

usually a local reaction to any type of injury and Repair (occurs simultaneously)

* Physical injury (splinters)
* Exposure (extreme heat or cold)
* Chemical irritants (strong acids or alkali substances)
* Bological irratants
* Temperature extremes
* Ends in –itis

* Rubor - redness
* Calor - warmth
* Tumor-swollen
* Dolor-pain
* Fuctio lasea- loss of function

1. Congestion
2. Exudation
3. Resolution
4. Suppuration

brief vaso constriction occurs (keeps it where it is) , followed vaso dilation (increased bloodflow to area to bring white blood cells

* Hyperemia

* Leukocytosis-

*Increased production of platelets – allows leukocytes to adhere

*Fever is generalized

* Diapedisis
* Swell+pain+loss of function
* Increase produce of fibrin (blood clotting), basis 4 repair
* Phagocytosis is occurring, lymphocytes start produce anti-bodies
* Serous exudate
>>Occurs in pneumonia, viruses

* Fibrinous exudate
>>Seen on outer surfaces of organs
>>Can lead to adhesion – pulls structures together that shouldn’t be together

* Perulant exudate
* Hemmoroagic exudate
* Pseudomenbranous exudate
* Catarral exudate

(should be)

* A return to normal

* Any damaged cell has to be autolyzed, and all bacteria destroyed

happens if resolution doesn’t occur

* Formation of large amounts of pus

>Absess
>Fistula
>Boils
>Carbuncles
>Ulcers
>Granuloma

increased bloodflow to an area rubor and calor occur

swelling of white blood cells, can destroy tissue around it

* Tubercles
* Gumma
* Vesicle
* Pustule
* Phlegmon

walled off bacteria, Alex has a mangina

in syphilis, it destroys genital tissue

fluid inside ex) blister

contains pus , pimples

general inflam process- cellulitis -- inflam spread thru muscle+facia

**Can result gangrene

(occurs simultaneously)

* Regeneration
* Primary union
* Secondary
* Replacement

adjacent health tissue grows over area

where edge of inflam are in close proximity to eachother .
lack of scar tissue

edges not close, scar tissue

formation of scar tissue

consists of mucous, ex) a cold

coagulated fiber, ex) diphtheria

consists of red blood cells ex) blood blister

consists mainly of pus (White blood cells, dead and living bacteria)

large amounts throid
>> outer surfaces of organs
>>Can lead to adhesion

consists of mainly fluid, very few cells

>>Occurs in pneumonia, viruses

taking products out of vascular system to the tissues

condition that arrives from treatment

hair loss due to treatment (chemotherapy and radiation)

acquired in institutional setting

Have but not showing signs or symptoms