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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What dopes the upper airway include?
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Nasal cavity and sinuses
Guttural pouch and pharynx |
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Example of a development/congenital upper airway condition affecting boxers
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Brachycephalic airway syndrome
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In brachycephalic airway syndrome what happens to the nares?
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stenotic
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What happens to the pallet in BAS?
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Elongated
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What do the turbinates protrude into in BAS?
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Nasopharynx
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BAS Secondary changes include something happening to the laryngeal saccules - what?
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Everted
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What else is everted in BAS?
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tonsils (secondary)
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When can collapse in BAS?
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Larynx
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What fails to close in a cleft palate?
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Palatine shelves
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Where can food enter in a cleft palate that i cannot normally?
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Nasal cavity
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What type of cysts are occasionaly seen in the maxillary sinus of the foal or young horse?
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Paranasal sinus cysts
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What type of cysts are occasional found in cattle that expand the ventral conchae?
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Cystic nasal conchae
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What cysts occur (uncommonly) in the flase nostrils of horses?
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Epidermal inclusion cysts
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What condition affects foals, trapping air in the guttural pouch?
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Guttural pouch tympany
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What structures can guttural pouch tympany put under pressure that will cause dysphagia and dyspnoea?
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Oesophagus and trachea
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What can GP tympany lead to a predisposition of?
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Guttural pouch empyema
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What type of tissues can an upper airway tumour arise from?
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Lining + glandular epithelium
Lymphoid Cartilage, bone, blood vessels |
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What percentage of upper airway neoplasias are malignant?
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80%
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What is the most common tissue to be affected by uopper airway neoplasia?
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Epithelial - carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
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What type of neoplasia is more common in cats than dogs that could affect the upoper airway?
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Lymphoma
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What is the most common mesenchymal tumor?
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Chrondrosarcoma
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What are two non neoplastic DDX for neoplasia?
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Chronic inflammatory polyps
Ethmoid Hematoma |
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Missing the circulatory stuff!
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missing circ stuff
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Inflammation of the nasal mucosa is known as
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rhinitis
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Sinusitis is....
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inflammation of the sinuses!
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There is a collection of mucus within the sinus, how do you describe it?
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Mucoceole
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There is an empyema in the sinuses - what the hell is that?!
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Pus within the sinus
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Your pharnyx is inflammed - how do you confuse the doctor?
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Call it pharyngitis
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What type of epithelium covers the respiratory airway
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Pseudostratified
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You are trying to classify a mild, acute inflammation with a clear watery discharge.
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Serous inflammation
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What creates this clear watery discharge?
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Mucoserous glands
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what is the inflammation called if there is goblet cells involvement?
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Catarhal inflammation
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Why might catarrhal dischrage be cloudy?
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Neutrophils present within it
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What do you call a catarrhal dischrage with neutrophils in it?
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Mucopuruluent discharge
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When does a mucopurulent discharge become a suppurative discharge?
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Massive neutrophil emigration and epithelila sloughing
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A dramatic increase in vascular permeability results in...?
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An exudate of plasma fibrinogen
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What does the plasma fibrinogen do?
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Coagulate to form fibrin
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If there is a necrotic, adhereent layer above viable tissue combined with inflammatory cells, what is this called?
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Diptheteric membrane
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What happens to the mucosa in chronic inflammation?
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Mucrosal hyperplasia with epithelial and seromucosal gland hyperplasia
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What do cells change to in epithelial metaplasia of the URT?
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Stratified squamous cells.
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What are the two predominant changes in chronic inflammation
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Hyperplasia and metaplasia
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Key chronic inflammatory cells?
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Macrophages, Lymphocytes including plasma cells
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What species do you normally see nasopharyngeal polyps?
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cats
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From where do polyps normally arise?
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Auditory tube
tympanic bullae |
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What is a key URT in cows?
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Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis
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What virus is IBR
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Bvine herpesvirus 1
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How is IBR transmitted?
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Aerosol
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What cells types does IBR infect?
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Nasal and conjunctival epithelial cells
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What is the typical type of inflammation seen?
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serous or catarhal
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Damage to what mucosal system leads to an increased risk of secondary infection?
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Mucosal escalator
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following the infection of the epithelial cells what can happen?
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dissemination through respiratory tree
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Where do s equi colonise?
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nasopharyngeal mucosa
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Following infection of the nasopharyngeal mucosa, what structures are infected?
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Lymph nodes.
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Where abouts are the retropharyngeal lymph nodes in relation to the guttural pouch?
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Below
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Infection of the guttural pouch leads to
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guttural pouch emyopema
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What species is aspergillus fumigatus nroamlly seen in?
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Dogs
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What kind of response can the fungal plaques cause?
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Fibronecrotic or granulomatous
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What is a major issue with Aspergillus?
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Lysis of the turbinates
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Guttural pouch mycosis can can paralysis of what
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facial muscles, tongue, pharyngeal muscles, larynx
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What vessel can be ruptured inside the GP
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Internal carotid art.
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PATH OF LOWER
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PATH OF LOWER
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What is considered lower airway?
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Trachea, Larynx, Bronchi, bronchioles
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What breeds are normally affected by tracheal hypoplasia?
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Brachcephalic
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The diameter of the trachea is reduced, causing...
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exertional dyspnoea
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In what direction does the trachea normally collapse?
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Dorsoventral
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What breeds are commonly affected by dorsoventral tracheal collapse?
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Minature and toy
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What muscle is widened in DVTC?
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Trachealis muscle
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What noise does DVTC normally make?
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goose honk
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What does laryngeal paralysis resulyt from?
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degeneration of recurrent laryngeal nerve.
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What does degen of recurrent laryngeal nerve mean?
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Cannot abduct arytenoid cartilage
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What side is normally affected in horses?
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Left
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What are the cmmon types of epithelial tumours found in the larynx?
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Papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma Adenoma/adenocarcinoma |
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What are cmmon types of mesenchym tumors found in the larynx?
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Chondroma
Osteoma leiomyoma Rhabdomyoma + add sarcoma to the end for it all |
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What additional changes can occur in the lower airways?
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Bronchiolitis obliterans
Bronchiectasis |
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When does bronchiolitis obliterans aoccur?
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Severe bronchitis
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First stage of BO?
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Exposure of basement membrane
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Exudate adheres to BM then...
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This impairs reepithelialisation
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What grows into the exudate
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fibroblasts
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What do the fibroblasts lay down>
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collagen
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What does the addtion of collagen do?
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Creates a fibrous, polypoid nodule
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What does airways obstruction lead to?
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Dyspnoea
Cough Increased resp noise Hypoxia Collapse or overinflation of luing chronic in fection or Bronchectasis |
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What is bronchiectasis associated with?
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Infection or obstruction
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What are released by exudate in bronchiectasis?
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Proteolytic enzymes
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Proteolytic enzymes cause the ??? of the airway wall
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Necrosis of bronchial wall
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Necrosis of the bronchial wall casuses
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Perm airway dilation
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What are the hallmarks of Chronic bronchitis and bronchiOlitis?
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Increased secretions
Thickening of airway walls |
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What is another name of kennel cough
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Infectious trachealbronchitis
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What is the prime suspect for kennel cough?
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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What kind of inflammation does bronchiseptica cause?
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Mucopurulent
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What is the causative agent of laryngeal diphtheria?
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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What is the Parasites tha produces nodules at the tracheal bifurcation?
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Oslerus osleri
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What is the main bovine lungworm?
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Dictycaulos viviparous
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What is the main allergy problem in horses?
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Rao
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What region does Rao affect most sevely?
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Bronchioles
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What are the allergens in Rao from
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Mouoldy hay
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What are the two Pathologies in Rao
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Mucosal thickening and bronchospasm
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What are the two most common abnormalities of inflation
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Atelactasis and emphysema
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How is atelectasis characterised?
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Incomplete distension of the lung
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What is the characteristics of emphysema?
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Overinflation
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Histology ally how will you identify atelectasis
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Alveolar collapse spaces
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Causes of atelectasis
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Obstruction
Compression Massive Neoplasia |
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Massive causes include
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Pneumothorax and loss of intra thoracic pressure
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Histologically how will you identify emphysema?
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Massive spaces between and ruptured alveolar walls
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What factors causes emphysema
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Forced expiratory and obstruction in airway
Increased airway resistance |
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Following rupture of alveolar walls what do you get?
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Fibrosis
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What are thin sequences of emphysema
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Increased dead space, reduced gas perfusion, Reduced compliance
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What are the two most common circulatory disturbances of the airways
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Conhgestion
Oedema |
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Cuse of active congestion
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Nflammation
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What can cause reduced outflow and passive conjestion
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Heart failure
Paul vein thrombosis or obstruction |
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What kind of fluid do you expect in oedema?
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Amorphous eosinophillic
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What can cause increased hydrostatic pressure?
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Back flow In heart failure
Inflammation Circulatory overload such as in renal failure. |
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What can cause increased alveolar permeability
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Endothelial damage by toxins
Shock Inflammation |
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What can cause reduced osmotic pressure
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Hypoproteinaemia
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Why is the lung resistant to infarction
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Dual blood supply
Pul art and bronchial art |
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What can cause thrombus
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Turbulent flow
Increased coag Damage to vascular walls |
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What can cause damage to vascular walls and endothelium in dogs?
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Angiostatin gyms vasorum
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What kind of embolisms can you get?
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Fat, air, Thrombolism, Timour, fb, parasites
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Extent of damage from embolism
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Site,
Nature, Preexisting |
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3 common causes of septic emboli
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Right heart valve endocarditis
Joint and umbilical infections Lover abscesses |
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In what situation are you mor elikely to get intravascukar Haemorrage and so no necrosis of Alveloa
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Niral healthy lung
Trombolysis and healing |
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Species cmmon for lung lobe torsion
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Dogs
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What happens in lung lobe torsion
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Rotation around haikus, predisposed if already diseased
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What is eiph
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Exercised induced pulmonary Haemorrage
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Causes of pulmonary hypertension
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Left to right shunt
Increased vascular resistance |
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What can cause increased vascular resistance?
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Reduced outflow
Reduced vessel diameter |
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Common causes of reduced vessel diameter
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Thromboembolism
Lung fibrosis |
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Sequel of Pul hypertension
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Pressure overload of right heart
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What can cause cardiovascular Hypertension?
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Cardiovascular shunts
Increased vascular resistance |
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What will cuase the increased vascular resistance?
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Reduced out flow (chf)
Reduced vessel diameters. Small airway syndrome Thomboembolism Lung fibrosis |
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Fibrinoid necrosis is possible in
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Acute hypertension
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What is the origin of most primary tumours in the lungz.
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Epithelial
|
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What is the most common cause of lung tumours?
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Metastasis
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What is driving sickness?
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Jaaksiekte? Pulmonary adenomatosis
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What causes pulmonary adenomatosis?
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Retro virus
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Describe He neoplasia of pulmonary adenomatosis
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Multicentric bronchoalveloar carcinoma
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How do yourecoginise jaaksiekte?
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Wheelbarrow test
Mucoid fluid |
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What are the four types of pneumonia?
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Broncho
Interstitial Embolic Granulomatous |
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What is the most common pbeumonia
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Broncho
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I pn what soecies are septa seperating Lobules absent?
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Dog and cat
|
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Following Pathogen at bronchoalveolar junction what happens?
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Inflam, exudation, oedema?..
Then Spread to adjacent lobules and alveoli |
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How is bronchopneumonia normally classified?
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Supporative or fibrinous
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What is the cause of enzootic pneumonia in pigs?
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Mycoplasma hyopneumonia
|
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What does m hyopneumonia do?
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Damages cilia allowing colonisation of Lower airways
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What cuases shipping fever?
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Mannheimmia haemolytica
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What is the sequel to Bronchopneumonia
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Chronic
Cornic inflam, Fibrosis, goblet metaplasia Atelectasis Emphysema Obliterans Ectasis |
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What is the typical route of interstitial pneumonia?
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Inalation or haematogenous
|
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What is the primary focus for Interstitial
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Alveoli and alveoli walls
|
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What are the threephases of interstitial pneumonia?
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Injury
Exudative Proliferation |
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What happens in phase 1
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Injury to type 1 pneumocytes or endothelial cells
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Phase 2
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Inflammatory exudate?
May see hylaine membrane |
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Phase 3
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Macrophages To rmoeve exudate
Type 2 pneumocytes To replace lost t1 |
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What happens in chronic interstitial?
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Peristsenc eof ttpe 2
Accumaltion of inflam cells Interstitial fibrosis |
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4 causes of intersttial
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Infection- Septiceimc salmonellosis
Acute hypersensitivity - T3 to fungal Lungworm reinfectio Toxins - tryptophan ( fog fever) |
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First step in fog fever
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Grass l tryptophan
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Fog fever in rumen
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3 methyl Indole
|
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Clara. Ells
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Toxic metabolite
|
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All interstitial will lead to
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Ttpe 1 pneumocyte injury
Ten type 2 If continues then fibrosis and chronic |
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What happens if hylaiine mebrsne ooccurs in acute severe
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Death
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Route for embolich
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Hematog
|
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3 common causes of embolic
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Helatic abscess
Right heart vakve endocarxitis Joint and umbilical infection |
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Seqeulae of embolic
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Fibrosis and resolution
Chronic Pleuritis Rupture and pyothorax and Pneumothorax |
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Cause of granulomatous
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Perist in tissue
Resistant to phagocyt and acute inflam |
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Bacterial cuases of granulom
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Mycobact
Actinomyces |
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Parasitic cause
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Viviparus
|
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Viral
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Fip corona
|
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Other
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Fungal and fb
|
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Most common route for m bovis tb
|
Inhalationinhalation of M. bovis and phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is most common. If the mycobacterium is not killed by the macrophage then it will multiply intracellularly and spread within the lungs via the airways and to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes via the lymphatics. Further dissemination may occur to other organs.
Early changes are small granulomas often in the dorsocaudal and subpleural lung regions. Over time, these granulomas enlarge and coalesce to produce large areas of caseous necrosis surrounded by giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells and fibrosis. |
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Degen of pleura
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Mineralisation
|
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Causes of mineralisation
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Uremia
Vit d tox |
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Pneumoirax
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rupture of a pulmonary abscess, emphysematous bulla, or parasitic cysts that communicate with an airway
|
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Traumatic pneumo
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Ruoture of wall or lung tissue
|
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Hydrothorax
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Heart failure
Intrathoracic tumor Hypoprot |
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Haemothorax
|
traumatic rupture of blood vessels
inflammation neoplasia clotting disorders |
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Chylothorax
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Accumalation of lymph
Traumatic rupture of Major lymphatic vessel Neoplastic erosion Heart dx |
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Pyothorax
|
Penetrating
Fb Abscess traumatic rupture of blood vessels inflammation neoplasia clotting disorders |
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Pleural neoplasia
|
Mesothilieoma
|
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Causes of pleuritis
|
Extension of bronchopneumonia
Bacteremia by e coli, Srep suis, Viral fip Pyothorax, lung tosrion |
