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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a neoplasm/tumor? What are its features?
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Abnormal mass of tissue as a result of neoplasia. Purposeless to host, autonomous growth, atypical struc/fcn, multiple mutations, and parenchymal and stromal elements (similar to tissues).
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What are polyps and papillomas?
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Epithelial tumors arising from surfaces that are club-shaped and finger-like respectively.
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What is -oma?
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Neoplasms, excluding granuloma, hematoma (blood clot in tissue), atheroma (arterial dz), glaucoma (eye dz), etc.
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What is a carcinoma and sarcoma?
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Malignant epithelial tumor and malignant stromal tumor.
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What is an adenoma?
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A benign glandular tumor of epithelial origin.
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What is a carcinoid tumor? What is pheochromocytoma? What is multiple myeloma?
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Low-grade neuroendocrine tumor, benign or malignant adrenal medulla tumor, malignant tumor of plasma cells
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What can you use electron microscopy to search for?
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Ultrastructual features: microvilli or desmosomes, melanosomes, cross-striations (skeletal muscle), etc
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What do you use special stains to search for?
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Mucin, glycogen, fat, collagen
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What do you use immunoperoxidase stains to search for?
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Cellular proteins or other antigens such as cytokeratin, common leukocyte antigen, hormones
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What is a hamartoma?
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A disorganized growth of tissue native to an organ. (nodule of cartilage, epithelium and smooth muscle in lung = pulmonary hamartoma)
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What is a choristoma?
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A growth of tissue not native to the organ, embryonic "rest"
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What are the gross differences between benign and malignant neoplasms?
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circumscribed "ball-like" growth versus ill-defined, encapsulated versus non, don't invade locally versus may, lack necrosis versus may have, lack metastasis versus may have. Benign tumors may form a fibrous capsule by compressing normal tissue.
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What is exophytic and and endophytic growth?
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Growth patterns of carcinomas: Protruding our from surface, penetrating into underlying tissue. They also are infiltrative and diffuse.
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What is desmoplasia?
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Growth of fibrous or CT. Carcinomas elicit a fibrous stromal response with many inflammatory cells and the production of collagen.
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What are sarcoma growth patterns?
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They are usually bulky, deep-seated tumors. The growth is ball-like with circumscribed borders; they have necrosis. They metastasize by the bloodstream, veins -> heart -> lungs. Many sarcomas show a spindle cell pattern.
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What are the differences in microscopic features between benign and malignant tumors?
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Benign are well-differentiated, few mitoses, usually not necrotic. Malignant are well-poorly-differentiated, show mitoses, may show necrosis, be invasive or metastatic.
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What is an anaplastic tumor and how do they present?
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Anaplasia refers to the loss of differentiation of cells (malignant): nuclei have variable sizes and shapes, pleimorphism, nuclear hyperchromatism, loss of cell polarity, mitoses, necrosis
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What are the four main routes of metastasis?
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1) lymphatics to lymph nodes, MC 2) blood vessels (often to lung) 3) into body space 4) direct implantation
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What is dysplasia and how is it graded?
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Abnormal development of cells (expansion of immature cells), anaplastic features - mild, moderate severe, low, high-grade, CIN I, II, III (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia).
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What is carcinoma in situ?
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Early carcinoma, no invasion, curable by local excision
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What is the difference between an excisional and incisional biopsy? Needle aspiration and exfoliative or fluid cytology?
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Excisional: tumor + surrounding tissue; Incisional: portion of tumor. Cells and small tissue fragments; surface cells
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Invasion of nearby structures is a local effect of cancer. Where do they invade and what is a strong predictor of malignant behavior?
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Through the basement membranes into the stroma (desmoplastic response), into vascular strucs (lymphatics, arteries, veins)
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What are some other distance effects of cancer?
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Cachexia - catabolic state, wasting syndrome; Ascites - accum of fluid in the peritoneal cavity; Paraneoplastic syndromes: hormone-like effects
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What do paraneoplastic syndromes inlcude?
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Endocrine-like effects: hypercalcemia, neuromuscular effects (decrease synaptic transmission), thrombotic effects (pts can present with clots, esp pancreatic cancer)
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What are some adverse effects of benign tumors?
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Multiplicity, size, location, hormonal/secretory, malignant potential
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