Pathophysiology Chapter 20 Digestive System Disorders Flash Cards

Play Memory | Create Card File | Append to Card File
Title: Pathophysiology Chapter 20 Digestive System Disorders
Description: Pathophysiology Chapter 20 Digestive System Disorders
Number of Cards: 125
Save Count: 0
Author: aanderson215
Created: 2011-12-08
Tags: patho
Private No

Save Count represents the number of people who have saved this card set to their flashcard list. Consider this an endorsement!

    • Question
    • Answer
    • Side 3
    • What word describes a band of fibrous scar tissue forming an abnormal connection between two surfaces or structures (ie binding two loops of intestine together)?
    • adhesions
    • What word describes a band of fibrous scar tissue forming an abnormal connection between two surfaces or structures (ie binding two loops of intestine together)?
    • adhesions
    • What word describes a band of fibrous scar tissue forming an abnormal connection between two surfaces or structures (ie binding two loops of intestine together)?
    • adhesions
    • What word describes the obstructed flow of bile in the liver or biliary tract?
    • cholestasis
    • What word describes thick, semifluid mixture of partially digested food passing out of the stomach into the duodenum?
    • chyme
    • What word describes the production of glucose from protein or fat?
    • gluconeogenesis
    • What word defines a polysaccharide, made up of glucose molecules, stored in skeletal muscle or liver?
    • glycogen
    • What word describes vomiting blood?
    • hematemesis (usually called "coffee ground vomitus because of the appearance)
    • What word describes abnormally high amounts of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood?
    • hyperbilirubinemia
    • What is another word for jaundice?
    • icterus
    • What word describes a blockage of the bowel with stool that results in severe constipation?
    • impaction
    • What word describes abnormally dark tarry feces containing blood?
    • melena (sign of an upper GI bleed)
    • What word describes small, hidden amounts of blood detectable in a stool test?
    • occult
    • What inflammatory lesion is associated with streptococcus sanguies and present as small painful lesions on movable mucosa, buccal mucosa, the floor of the mouth, the soft palate, or the lateral borders of the tongue?
    • aphthous ulcers
    • What is another word for stenosis?
    • stricture
    • What word describes a painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces?
    • tenesmus (associated with irritable bowel syndrome)
    • What is the condition called in which part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity?
    • Hiatal Hernia
    • What is the word that defines the formation of gallstones?
    • cholelithiasis
    • What is the word that describes the inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct?
    • cholecystitis
    • What is the word that describes the inflammation usually related to infection of bile ducts?
    • Cholangitis
    • What is the word that describes the obstruction of the biliary tract by gallstones?
    • Choledocholithiasis
    • What type of jaudice is the result of excessive destruction of red blood cells?
    • Prehepatic
    • What type of jaundice occurs with disease or damage to hepatocytes?
    • Intrahepatic
    • What type of jaundice is caused by the obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder or duodenum?
    • Posthepatic
    • What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as enlargement of the liver and is often asymptomatic and reversible with reduced alcohol intake?
    • Initial stage / fatty liver
    • What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as inflammation with cell necrosis and fibrous tissue formation (an irreversible change)?
    • Second Stage / Alcoholic hepatitis
    • What stage of Cirrhosis in alcoholic liver disease is defined as fibrotic tissue replacing normal tissue with little normal function remaining?
    • Third Stage / end-stage cirrhosis
    • What word describes the twisting of the intestine?
    • Volvulus
    • Dehydration, acidosis, and malnutrition are complications associated with what two general conditions?
    • Anorexia and vomiting
    • What can be stimulated by distention, irritation, inflammation of the digestive track?
    • Nausea
    • What can be stimulated by smells, visual images, pain, and chemical toxins and/or drugs?
    • Nausea
    • Where is the vomiting center located?
    • medulla
    • What are the 6 steps of vomiting reflex?
    • Deep inspiration, closing glottis & raising the soft palate, ceasing respiration, relaxing the gastroesophageal sphincter, contracting the abdominal muscles, and reverse peristaltic waves
    • What is the presence of blood in the vomitus called?
    • Hematemesis (coffe ground)
    • What is the presence of yellow or green stained vomitus indicate?
    • Bile from the duodenum
    • What does a deep brown color volmitus indicate?
    • Content from lower intestine
    • What does recurrent vomiting of undigested food indicate?
    • Problem with gastric emptying or infection
    • What can prolonged diarrhea lead to?
    • Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, and malnutrition
    • What term describes watery stool resulting from increased secretions into the intestine from the plasma which is often related to infection and includes limited reabsorption due to reversal of normal carriers for sodium or glucose?
    • Large-volume diarrhea (secretory or osmotic)
    • What term describes stools that may contain blood, mucus, or pus while often accompanied by abdominal cramps and tenesmus and is often due to inflammatory bowel disease?
    • Small-volume diarrhea (tenesmus = painful spasm of the anal sphincter along with an urgent desire to defecate without the significant production of feces)
    • What are possible causes of gas?
    • Swallowed air, bacterial action on food, food or alterations in motility
    • What condition is associated with less frequent bowel movements than normal, small hard stools, can be acute or chronic, and sometimes associated with decreased peristalisis?
    • Constipation
    • What are common causes of constipation?
    • Weakness of smooth muscle due to age or illness, inadequate dietary fiber, inadequate fluid intake, failure to respond to defecation reflex, immobility, neurologic disorders, some antacids or iron medications, obstructions caused by tumors or strictures
    • Loss of hydrochloric acid from vomiting often results in?
    • Metabolic alkalosis
    • Severe vomiting leading to the loss of bicarbonate from the duodenal secretions often results in?
    • Metabolic acidosis
    • What type of visceral pain is associated with inflammation and ulceration in the upper digestive tract?
    • Burning sensation
    • What type of visceral pain is associated with stretching of the lliver capsule?
    • Dull, aching pain
    • What type of visceral pain is associated with inflammation, distention, and stretching of the intestines?
    • Cramping or diffuse pain
    • What type of visceral pain is associated with recurrent smooth muscle spasms or contractions that are a response to severe inflammation or obstruction?
    • Colicky (usually severe pain)
    • What term describes the type of pain that is identified over an area of inflammation when pressure is released?
    • Rebound tenderness
    • What type of pain is described as steady, intense, often well-localized abominal pain that includes involvement or inflammation of parietal peritoneum?
    • Somatic pain
    • What type of pain is perceived at a site different from the origin?
    • Referred pain
    • What type of pain results when visceral and somatic nerves converge at one spinal cord level?
    • Referred pain
    • What are the three main causes of dysphagia?
    • Difficulty swallowing is usually caused by neurologica deficit, muscular disorder, and mechanical obstruction
    • What are the common associated chronic irrations with esophageal cancer and where does it usually occur?
    • Usually occurs at the distal end and is associated with chronic esophagitis, achalasia, hiatal hernia, alcohol abuse, and smoking
    • What is failure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) to relax due to lack of innervation called?
    • achalasia
    • What term describes part of the stomach protruding into the thoracic cavity?
    • Hiatal Hernia
    • What is the more common type of hiatal hernia in which part of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphram?
    • Sliding hernia
    • What is the type of hiatal hernia in which part of the fundus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphram and may become trapped?
    • Rolling or paraesophageal hernia
    • What are the signs associated with Hiatal Hernia?
    • heatburn, pyrosis, frequent belching, increased discomfort when laying down, substernal pain that may radiate to the shoulder and jaw
    • What term describes the periodic reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causing erosion and inflammation?
    • GERD or gastroesophageal disease
    • The severity of GERD, or gastroesophageal disease, depends of what?
    • Competence of the lower esophageal sphincter and delayed gastric emptying
    • Inflammation of the gastric mucosa with possible ulcers or bleed is characterized in which condition?
    • Acute gastritis
    • Atrophy of the stomach mucosa with possible loss of secretory glands, reduced production of intrinsic factor, and sometimes accompanied by H. pylori infection is characterized by which condition?
    • Chronic gastritis
    • What is the condition characterized by inflammation of stomach and intestine?
    • Gastroenteritis
    • What are the possible causes of gastroenteritis?
    • Usually infection but can include allergens to foods or drugs. Usually is self limiting
    • What is the etiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease?
    • H pylori
    • Where does PUD (peptic ulcer disease) normally occur?
    • Proximal duodenum and antrum of the stomach
    • What is the predominant factor in duodenal ulcers?
    • Increased acid secretions
    • In PUD, what are the causes of increased acid-pepsin secretions?
    • Increased gastrin secretion, increased vagal nerve stimulation, increased sensitivity to vagal stimuli, increased number of acid-pepsin sectretory cells in the stomach (genetics), increased stimulation of acid pepsin secretion by alcohol caffeine or certain foods, interference with normal feedback mechanisms, rapid gastric emptying
    • In PUD, what are some external causes of ulcers?
    • Ulcerogenic susbstances (NSAIDS, alcohol), glucocortcoids, and inadequate blood supply induced by stress, smoking, or shock.
    • What are the signs and symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers?
    • Epigastric burning or localized pain usually following stomach emptying
    • What are the treatments for gastric and duodenal ulcers?
    • Reduction of exacerbating factors, combination of antimicrobial and proton pump inhibitors to eliminate H pylori
    • What are complications associated with peptic ulcers?
    • Hemorrhage (first sign of PUD), perforation (results in peritonitis) , and obstruction(from scar tissue)
    • What kind of ulcer is usually associated with severe trauma (burns, head injury) or systemic problems (hemorrhage or sepsis)?
    • stress ulcers