- Shuffle
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Alphabetize
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Front First
Toggle OnToggle Off
- Both Sides
Toggle OnToggle Off
Front
How to study your flashcards.
Right/Left arrow keys: Navigate between flashcards.right arrow keyleft arrow key
Up/Down arrow keys: Flip the card between the front and back.down keyup key
H key: Show hint (3rd side).h key
PLAY BUTTON
PLAY BUTTON
60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
GFR =
|
120 ml / min
7.5 L / hr 180 L / day |
|
Secretion is a __ pathway into the tubule
|
second (filtration is the first)
|
|
The secretory system that moves organic anions also moves ___
|
penicillin
|
|
as plasma levels go up, the amount secretes ____
|
increases to Tm
|
|
The ___ theory states that the movement of water is coupled to sodium transport
|
standing graident
|
|
The spaces between the lateral membranes are ___, __, and ___
|
long, narrow, and tortuous
|
|
As sodium is pumped into the intercellular spaces, the ____ ____ pulls waer crom the tubuler lumen thru the ___ ___ or through epitheleal cells
|
osmotic gradient
tight junctions |
|
To be a true measure of GFR, compound must have what characteristics?
|
freely filterable, not reabsorbed, not secreted, not synthesized or metabolized by the tubules
|
|
Creatinine does not meet which criteria?
|
it is secreted by the tubules in small amounts. makes estimate slightly higher.
|
|
What meets all criteria to measure GFR?
|
inulin
|
|
volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared by the kidney per unit time
|
clearance: volume of plasma per time
|
|
To determine net secretion, compare what to what
|
clearance of substance to clearance of inulin (Cx / Cin)
|
|
Net secretion occurs when clearance is __ than that of inulin.
|
greater
|
|
Net reabsorption occurs when clearance is __ that of inulin.
|
less than
|
|
fraction of plasma entering the kidney in the renal artery that is filtered at the glomerulus
|
filtration fraction = GFR / RPF
|
|
What is the minimum amount of water required to remove the 600 mOsm of waste per day?
|
0.5 L / day
|
|
The mechanism responsible for production of concentrated urine utilizes the existence of a concentrated fluid located within the __ and is produced because of the characteristics of the ___
|
medullary interstitium
loop of henle |
|
In the countercurrent multiplication system, the __ limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs sodium by ___.
|
ascending, active transport
|
|
The permeability of water in the ascending loop of henle is ___
|
low - dilute tubular fluid is formed
|
|
Salt that is transported out of the ascending limb ___ the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium.
|
raises
|
|
the permeability of water is __ in the descending limb of the loop of henle
|
high
|
|
the maximum gradient that the cells of the loop of henle can sustain is ___
|
200 mOsm/l
|
|
term to describe flow in opposite directions
|
counter current
|
|
Two essential components in urine formation
|
active transport of sodium in the ascending limb, differnces in permeability between the ascending and descending limbs
|
|
the factor that ultimately determines the osmolarity of the urine is the
|
permeability of the collecting duct
|
|
water is osmotically withdrawn from the ___ into the medullary interstitium
|
collecting duct
|
|
hairpin-loop structure minizes losses of solute and water from interstitium but does not prevent ___ from interstitial fluid into the capillaries
|
bulk-flow
|
|
however much urea is produced is the amount ___
|
excreted
|
|
___ increases water reabsorption by the collecting duct
|
ADH
|
|
Synthesized in atrial cells and released in response to high BP
|
ANP
|
|
Antagonizes effects of Renin/AII and aldosterone
|
ANP
|
|
more potent than ANP, secreted by distal tubule and collecting duct, inhibits NaCl and water reabsorption
|
urodilantin
|
|
catecholamine that inhibits NaCl and water reabsorption in the proximal tubule
|
dopamine
|
|
4 routes of acid-base balance
including major and minor |
1. Metabolic generation of H+ (major)
2. gastrointenstinal absorption of ingested acids or bases (minor) |
|
A second source of H+ is from metabolism is the production of ___ or __
|
nonvolatile or fixed acids such as phosphoric, sulfuric, lactic, etc.
|
|
Vegetarian diets there may be a net metabolic production of ___
|
alkali
|
|
intestinal contents are acidic/alkaline
|
alkaline
|
|
losing bicarb is the exact equivalent as increasing ___ concentration
|
H+
|
|
Major extracellular system of regulating hydrogen ion balance is
|
CO2-HCO3 system
|
|
major intracelluar system to regulate hydrogen ion balance
|
phosphates and proteins
|
|
respiratory system is faster/slower than bicarb system
|
slower
|
|
Kidneys control HCO3- by variable __ of HCO3 and by adding new __ to the plasma flowing through the kidneys
|
reabsorption, HCO3. Both mechanisms are dependent on the tubular secretion of H+
|
|
H+ is secreted into the tubular lumen by ___ with Na+
|
countertransport
|
|
T/F The lumenal membrane of tubular cells is very permeable to HCO3
|
False, not very permeable
|
|
T/F Most of the H+ secreted into the lumen are not excreted in the urine
|
True, they are incorporated in water and reabsorbed.
|
|
T/F A large portion of the H+ can be carries as free ions
|
False
|
|
The HCO3 produced when each H+ is formed represents a __ bicarbonate ion and not one that was filtered
|
new
|
|
The more important buffer system
|
ammonia
|
|
Ammonia combines with __ to form ammonium, which are excreted from the urine
|
excess H+
|
|
The net effect of the ammonia buffer system is to __ the new HCO3 in extracellular fluid
|
increase
|
|
In alkalosis, the ration of HCO3 to dissolves CO2 becomes greater/less than __
|
greater than 20
|
|
__, __, and ___ increase uptake of K+ into cells
|
epinepherine, insulin, aldosterone
|
|
hyperkalemia is >
Hpokalemia is < |
5.5 mEq/L
3.5 mEq/L |
|
___ cells secrete potassium into the tubular fluid
|
principle
|
|
___ cells reabsorb potassium of distal tubule and collecting duct
|
intercalated
|
|
Diuretic that inhibits reabsorption of HCO3 and Na
|
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
|
|
___ produce the majority of deaths due to renal disease
|
chronic renal disease
|
|
as many as 90% of the nephrons may be destroyed before significant functional impairment is seen
|
functional reserve
|
|
diminished urine
|
oliguria
|
|
total urine shutdown
|
anuria
|
