pcat bio

patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx.

palatine tonsils are the largest and most often infected.

body's largest lymphatic organ. Fits snugly between the diaphragm, stomach, and kidney.

Produces blood cells in the fetus and may resume this role in adults in event of extreme anemia.

Helps to stabilize blood volume by transferring excess plasma from the bloodstream into the lymphatic system.

because it results from prior exposure to a pathogen and usually provides future protection only agains that particular pathogen.

The immune system is the third line of defense.

peptides that kill microbes by creating holes in their membranes, they are produced by neutrophils and other cells and are found on the skin surface.

an enzyme that destroys bacteria by dissolving their cell walls.

found in mucus, tears, and saliva.

1. neutrophils: phagocytosis & lysosomes
2. eosinophils: allergy causing antigens
3.basophils: secrete histamine and heparin
4. lymphocytes: NK, T, and B cells
5. monocytes: macrophages, dendritic cells, microglia (cns).

molecules that are too small to be antigenic in themselves, but they can stimulate an immune response by binding to a host macromoclecule and creating a unique complex that the body recognizes as foreign.

i.e. penicilin is a hapten that binds to host proteins in allergic individuals, creating modified proteins that bind to mast cells and trigger masive reliease of histamine and other infammatory chemicals.

plants lacking vascular tissue

flowering plants

they are divided into monocots, i.e. grass
and dicots, i.e. shrubs

The xylem of a plant is the system of tubes and transport cells that circulates water and dissolved minerals.
The phloem transports nutrients down the stem.

includes all of the living organisms in a specific area. These systems are the plants and animals interacting with their non-living environments (weather, Earth, Sun, soil, atmosphere)

a large area on the Earth's surface that is defined by the types of animals and plants living there. A biome can be partially defined by the local climate patterns. You may also have more than one type of biome within a larger climate zone.

- Tropical Rainforest (Think about Brazil)
- Tropical Savanna (Think about Africa)
- Desert (Think about the middle east)
- Mediterranean Woodland (Think about coniferous forests)
- Mid-latitude Grassland (Think about Oklahoma)
- Mid-latitude Deciduous Forest (Think about the east coast of North America)
- Tundra (Think about frozen plains of Alaska)
- Ice Caps (Think about the poles)

the simplest of creatures that are considered alive.
single-celled organisms with a cell wall and no nuclear membrane. DNA is grouped in an area called the nucleoid.
They don't have any organelles, just ribosomes.

usually single celled organisms. They have a distinct nucleus. Some form colonies (or groups of single cells), some act more like animals (they move around and have large cells), and some are even like plants (algae, have chlorophyll and do photosynthesis).

This kingdom is made up of the decomposers (they absorb nutrients). Some of the members of this kingdom are fungi, slime molds, yeast, mold, and mushrooms.

the characteristics of plants are that they have chlorophyll, cell walls (cellulose), and vacuoles. This kingdom also includes red, brown, and green algae.

must eat other organisms to survive. They cannot create their own food because they do not contain chlorophyll. They are able to move around, and most have sense organs of some type. Because they have those sense organs, they have nervous systems. Animals include species such as anemone, insects, lizards, and mammals.

1.Prokaryotes have no organized nucleus.
2) Prokaryotes do not usually have any organelles. They will probably have ribosomes inside of their cells, but ribosomes are not technically considered organelles.
(3) Prokaryotes are very small.
4) Prokaryotes don't have mitosis or meiosis like other cells.

(1) have an organized nucleus with a nuclear envelope. They have a "brain" for the cell. They have a discreet area where they keep their DNA. It is also said that they have a "true nucleus."
2. usually have organelles. They might have mitochondria, maybe a chloroplast, or some endoplasmic reticulum.
3.

(1) They can't reproduce on their own. They need to infect or invade a host cell. That host cell will do all the work to duplicate the virus.
(2) They don't respond to anything. You can poke them or set up barriers, it doesn't matter. They either function or they are destroyed.
(3) They don't really have any working parts. While there some advanced viruses that seem fancy, viruses don't have any of the parts you would normally think of when you think of a cell. They have no nuclei, mitochondria, or ribosomes. Some viruses do not even have cytoplasm.

change in the genetic composition of a population of organisms

red and blue wavelengths

A mitochondrion has an outer and inner membrane (cristae).

inside of the nucleus it looks like a nucleus inside of the nucleus. It is made of RNA and protein. It does not have much DNA at all.

the powerhouses of the cell.

The matrix is filled with water (H2O) and proteins (enzymes). Those proteins take food molecules and combine them with oxygen (O2).

convert the energy of the sun into sugars.

an area inside of the chloroplast where reactions occur and starches (sugars) are created

have chlorophyll molecules on their surface, that chlorophyll uses sunlight to create sugars. The stacks of sacs are connected by stromal lamellae

osmosis, diffusion, channels, semipermeable membrane

describes what happens when a cell uses energy to transport something

the simple duplication of a cell and all of its parts

PROPHASE - METAPHASE - ANAPHASE - TELOPHASE - INTERPHASE

A cell gets the idea that it is time to divide.

Now all of the pieces are aligning themselves for the big split.

The separation begins.

Now the division is finishing up.

This is the normal state of a cell. We suppose that when it comes to cell division, you could call this the resting state.

has two divisions, two PMATI
four cells are created where there was originally one.

Pairs of chromosomes are lined up at the center of the cell and then pulled to each side.

DNA that remains in the cell begins to condense and form short chromosomes. Each chromosome pair has a centromere.

Telophase II shows the DNA completely pulled to the sides and the cell membrane begins to pinch. When it's all over, you are left with four haploid cells that are called gametes. The eventual purpose of the gametes will be to find other gametes with which they can combine. When they do, they will form a new organism.

They carry all of the information used to help a cell grow, thrive, and reproduce.

uncoiled and as loose strands of chromosomes

packaging system

It acts as a storage organelle. It is important in the creation and storage of steroids. It also stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later time.

synthesis and packaging of proteins

chemistry of the living world

a group of organisms that are all the same species.

have a vascular system, seeds, and no flowers

The method by which bacteria reproduce.

The division of the cytoplasm during cell division.

pioneer organism

collagen

non-carbohydrates such as fats and mino acids are made into glucose.

H2O + O2

only in animal cells and are involved in cell division

in Anaphase

in Telophase.

separation of cytoplasm in late Anaphase or early telophase

in Prophase

in Metaphase

prokaryotes from Kingdom Monera

cyanobacteria provides organic nutrients for the fungus

charged polar head group of the bilayer.

hydrophobic interactions with the lipids

make up the cell wall.

used as recognition and binding sites by bacterial viruses that causes infection

made by Schwann cells

presynaptic cell > synaptic cleft> postsynaptic cell

incus, malleus, stapes

body attacks myelin sheath

HGH, LH, FSH, TSH, and Prolactin

ADH (vasopressin) and Oxytocin

makes aldosteron and cortison

makes Epinephrine ( adrenaline) and norepinephrine

make Glucagon

glucagon and cortison

eats the dead

the physical environment in which the organism lives

the role that an organism plays in it's natural community

the interacting of different populations of species

plants

herbivores ( shrimp )

carnivores ( mud crab )

top carnivores ( striped bass )

arthropods (grasshopper)

body cavity

solid ball of cells

a number of different species emerge froma single ancestor

the nucleus

RNA polymerase.

because many amino acides are coded for by more than 1 codon

a triplet of nucleotides on the t-RNA

secrete Testosterone that allows germ cells to mature into sperm cells

Estradiol and progesteron

DNA transfer by a virus

mollusks, arthropods, annelids, and echinoderms

one in which the offspring develop within the uterus

amphioxus and tunicates

prevent aggregation of newly formed proteins until they can properly fold.

places the initiator codon of the m-RNA at the proper site on the ribosome

first part of the small intestine

hormone made by cells of the duodenum that stimulates bile release

made in the stomach, stimulates HCl secretion

an increase in either H+ or CO2

pulmonary and umbilical in a fetus

part of the brain involved with muscle coordination, balance, and equilibrium

divides the brain hemispheres, one of the largest myelinated tracts, allows the right and left-brain portions to communicate

the stroma of the chloroplasts

skull, vertebra, and ribs

bones of the arms, legs, pelvic bone, pectoral girdle.

connect bone to bone

connect bone to muscle

located at the ends of long bones, where there are regions of cartilagionus cells where growth occurs

largest molluscan class

crab, shrimp, lobster, crayfish, and barnacles

spiders, ticks, scorpions, mites

octopus and squid

-albumin synthesis
-bile production
-destruction of worn-out old red blood cells
-converts nitrogenous waste into urea
-glycogen storage

two unrelated species have close resemblances

loss of water by evaporation from leaves

the use of H2O to split a molecule

addition of H2O

attachment of all or a portion of one chromosome to another

resting condition in the life of an insect

-most resorption takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule
-birds have a long loop of Henle, thus have concentrated urine
-from the Loop of Henle, urine passes through the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct

walls of the collecting duct are practically impermeable to water

in the absence of ADH, large quantities of urine are produced and in this type of diabetes sugar is found in the urine

the DNA sequence that is cut out before leaving the nucleus in the form of m-RNA which has just been transcribed from DNA

having only one single copy of a gene instead of 2

two longitudinal halves of each chromosome

bony fish

hagfish and lamprey

random changes in the allele frequency from one generation to another in small populations can lead to elimination of a particular allele by chance alone

a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species.

an event in which a lineage rapidly diversifies, with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations. Different factors may trigger adaptive radiations, but each is a response to an opportunity.

males and females are equally affected. If both parents have the trait, all offspring will be affected. Carrier do not have the trait, it often skips generations.

the hypothalamus

the process in an embryo in which one tissue causes another to differentiate

collection of alpha and beta cells of the pancrease

Adenine and Guanine

cytosine and thymine

respond to stress

respondible for maintenance of body temp

link adjacent nucleotides of DNA and RNA

anterior pituitary

refers to the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals become more concentrated in tissues of animals at each successive stage up the food web/chain.

to decrease iron levels in the body by regular blood-letting to prevent accumulation in the body tissues.

obligate parasites
don't have many enzymes and cellular components to synthesize proteins, replicate nucleic acid, and generate energy. It is impossible to culture a virus in an artificial medium without using a living host organism.

geographical isolation of a subpopulation of a species can result in the formation of two or more separate species.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of green plants

the second phase,
called the light-independent reactions, this chemical energy fuels the attachment of carbon
dioxide to more complex carbon-based molecules.

The underside of a plant leaf contains many pores.Apore and two bordering bean-shaped
cells, called guard cells, make up a stoma

The set of reactions that require light and that result in the production
of oxygen from water during photosynthesis.

The set of reactions that do not require light and that result
in the production of sugar from carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

5' - 3'

consists of individuals of the same species that are living in the same area at the same time

reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function, but it is clearly similar to functioning organs in closely related species.

reduction division

after chromosomes have been replicated in the S phase

conjugation, via a conjugation tube, which forms between two bacterial cells.

because each newly made DNA molecule comprises one old strand and one new strand

polymerizes nucleotides to DNA. Catalyzes DNA synthesis

cells that are not involved in gamete formation

summarizes the flow of information in cells. it states that DNA codes for RNA which codes for proteins

the increase in concentration of toxins at successive levels of a food chain

the small intestine

cerebrum

the medulla

the hypothalamus

the spleen

traits that can be passed on to offspring

population

affects only populations

fitness

adaptation

when heritable variation in certain traits also leads to improved success in reproduction

speciation

taxonomy

made up of closely related group of species

distinct, identifiable type of organism

made up of individuals that regularly breed together or have characteristics that are distinct from those of other species

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

they are all eukaryotes

lumen

peroxisomes

glyxisomes

lysosomes

mitochondria

chloroplast

fungi, algae, plants

lignin

shows us how a genotype and phenotype stability can be achieved in a population

-random mating
-no isolation
-no net migration
-no mutation
-no natural selection

RNA polymeraze

when the impulse jumps from node to node, this increases velocity several fold

no

an emulsifying agent that is made by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

bile will emulsify fats and contains sodium bicarbonate that helps to neutralize the stomach acid

B-cells

T-cells

the sum of the Purines ( Adenine and Guanine) equals the sum of the Pyrimidines(Cytosine and Thymine)

polyspermy, this can cause abnormal development.

anterior pituitary gland

it stimulates milk secretion in mammals

parthenogenesis

pathogenic

cyanobacteria

macroscopic algae

bacteria

this is nitrogen fixation

sugars
oxygen

blue-green algae

protist

Apicomplexa

Amoeba

spore

1. pharyngeal gill slits
2. a stiff and supportive but flexible rod called a notochord, which runs the length of the body
3. a bundle of nerve cells that runs the length of the body
4.muscular, postana tail

1. forebrain (sense of smell)
2. midbrain (vision)
3. hindbrain ( balance and hearing)

asexual

it swells

plants contain a cell wall and are more resistant to swelling in a hypotonic solution

humoral immunity

cell-mediated immunity

co2

DNA synthesis

we see the production of mitochondria, ribosomes, and much protein synthesis

cell prepares to divide

a pollen grain

anther

the pistil

consists of: the stigma, style, and ovary.

it's sticky and will catch pollen

the style is a tube-like structure connecting the stigma to the ovary

in plants it's multicellular while in animals it's unicellular.

acetylcholine

norepinephrine

mosses, liverworts, hornworts

they have underground stems and live in moist and humid habitats

lysosomes

chordata

present is a notochord at some stage in the life, as well as a dorsal tubular nerve cord.

they cause heat to build up in the lower atmosphere

atmospheric concentrations include carbon dioxide, water, ozone, nitrous oxide.

lichen

it's the most abundant blood protein and is important for maintaining the blood's osmotic pressure

colorblindness and hemophilia

cortisol

aldosteronef

parathyroid hormone

-increases blood glucose, blood flow to skeletal muscle
-increase heart rate, respiratory rate
-increase rate of glycogenolysis
-will constrict blood vessels to decrease blood supply to digestive tract and kidneys
-dilation of pupils
-increase blood flow to brain and blood pressure

adaptive radiation

specializes groups of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients from one part of the plant body to another

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

because they are not cells and are not made up of cells.

virus that infects bacteria

segmented worms with a closed circulatory system

differenctiation

occurs when a cell has become specialized

opena

reproductive isolation

five different groups, Animalia, Plantea, Fungi, Protista and Monera.

they are all multi-celled organisms.

The organisms in kingdoms protista and monera are all single-celled.

animalia and protista

cold-blooded and breath through their skin

cold-blooded and lay eggs

bacteria and blue-green algae

they do not have a nucleus

molusca

cnidaria

nematoda

platyhelminths

echinodermata

genus

mRNA, shortest lifespan

the producers

nucleosomes

complement system

pairing of homologous chromosomes.

distinguishing feature of meiosis from mitosis.

an x-shaped region called chiasmata forms

defective cell differentiation

allopatric speciation

Founder effect

cooperativity

zymogen

ex. pepcinogen, fibrinogen

because it's a steroid and goes through the membrane

epinephrine, glucagon, insuline, growth factors

capillaries due to their having the greatest surface area

arterioles

when there is more GC than AT

plasmolysis

hypertonic solution

here the cell shrinks

this is plasmolysis

interferons

belong to a class of glycoproteins called cytokines

fungi

a protist

blue green algae, cyanobacteria are classified as monera.

chemotrophs ( humans)

sporophyte

biological magnification

backbone of alternating phosphate groups and sugars, held together by paired nitrogenous bases

translation

co-dominance

DNA fingerprinting techniques

is transgenic organism

2 copies of it's DNA, which are referred to as sister chromatids

pulse, which provides a measure of the heart rate

blood pressure

systole