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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a Tumor?
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Tumor refers to a lump or a mass
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What is a Neoplasm?
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abnormal mass or tissue serving no purpose and may cause harm
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what is Benign tumor?
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A growth that does not invade tissue but does occupy space
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What is malignant mean?
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Malignant means harmful mass, invading tissue or organs
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What is metastasis?
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Spread to other organs
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what is cancer?
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Cancer is a malignant neoplasm
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What does the term oncology mean?
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Oncology is the study of cancer, diagnosis and treatment
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what is adenocarcinoma
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A cancer that arises from glandular tissues, ex. breast, lung, thyroid, colon, pancreas
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What does the term anaplastic mean
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Tumor cel that are completely undifferentiated and bears no resemblance to the cells in the the tissue of origin
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What does aneuploid mean
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tumor cells that do not have 46 chromosomes in a human cell - worse prognosis
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Antigens
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a substance that activates immune system
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carcinoma
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a form of cancer that is composed of epithelial cells, develops in tissues covering or lining the organs of the body such as skin, uterus or the breast
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carcinoma in situ
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the earliest stage of cancer in which the tumor is still confined to the local area, before it has grown to a significant size or shape
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cytokine
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a substance secreted by immune system cells usually to send message to other immune cells
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Differentiation
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the process of maturation of a cell line of cancer cells, they resemble normal cells in the tissue of origin
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dysplasia
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an alteration in the size, shape and organization of differentiated cells. cells lose their regularity and show variability in size and shape, usually in response to an irritant, may revert to normal when irritant is removed or change into neoplasm
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Hyperplasia
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an increase in number of normal cell in a normal arrangement
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metaplasia
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the replacement of one type of fully differentiated cell by another fully differentiated cell that is not normal for that part of the body
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oncogenes
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specific segments of cellular DNA that when inappropriately activated contribute to the transformation of normal cells to malignant cells
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sarcoma
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a cancer of supporting or connective tissue such as cartilage, bone, muscle, fat
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tumor markers
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chemicals in the blood that are produced by certain cancers
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What does Incidence mean?
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it is the number of new cases occurring in a specific population during a year
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What does prevalence mean?
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The total number of people alive today, diagnosed in the current year and people diagnosed in previous years
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Why are cancer incidences up?
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Diagnostic tests - mammogram,colonoscopy
accurate reporting of data collection Americans are living longer and more time to develop cancer |
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What is mortality rate mean?
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Number of deaths caused by cancer that occur in the specific population in a given year
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what is a Trend?
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Statistical info specific to age, type, gender, race and ethnicity, also country, state or county
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which race has more cancer incidence and mortality
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Black men
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Where does cancer begun?
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at the molecular level
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How does cancer cell differ from normal cells
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the differ from normal cells in appearance, growth and function. they are altered or transformed and are able to multiply, grow and spread
- occurs over many years |
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What are carcinogens
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Factors associated with causing cancer
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what are the type of carcinogens
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Radiation
chemicals viruses hormones genetics age gender ethinicity |
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What do you get radiation from
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80% from sun, radon gas (natural)
15% from diagnostic/therapeutic procedures (x ray, radiation therapy) |
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what is the number one cause of lung cancer?
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smoking
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what is the second leading cause of lung cancer
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Radon
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what are some of the chemicals that can cause cancer?
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Tobacco (cigarettes, chewing tobacco )
occupational hazards (radiology techs) |
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what are pack years and how do you calculate
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number of packs smoked per day times number of years
ex 1ppd x 20 years = 20 pack years |
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what are some of the biological agents that cause cancer?
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Hep B virus
Hep C virus HPV Epstein Barr virus H pylori Viruses affect cells and cause damage to DNA |
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how does age relate to cancer
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risk of cancer increase with age
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who are at more risk.... men or women
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men
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which race has more risk than other races for cancer
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African americans - higher incidence of colon, lung and prostate cancer
- mortality rate for breast, colon, lung, prostate and stomach and uterine cancer |
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who has highest incidence of breast cancer
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whites
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who are at high risk for liver and uterine cancer
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Hispanics
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what are the non modifiable risks for developing cancer
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age
gender ethnicity genetics (5%-10% fo all cancers- family history increases your risk) |
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what are the modifiable risks for developing cancer
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Diet
physical activity weight control |
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How do cancer cells appear
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altered cell differentiation
do not look normal vary from each other irregular pattern of expansion nuclei disproportionately large or multiple nuclei |
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do cancer cells have any useful purpose
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No use
do not contribute to the well being use up nutrients occupies space damage host |
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What is the growth pattern of cancer cells
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invades adjacent tissue
cells don't stop replicating can migrate - metastasize |
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WHAT is TSA
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tumor specific antigens - can be used as a diagnostic tool
PSA - prostate specifica antigen |
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What are the stages of Metastasis?
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Stage 1 - invades surrounding tissues and penetrate blood or lymph
Stage 2 - migrate by blood and lymph or direct extension Stage 3 - Cancer cells multiply at second site |
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what is angiogenesis
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- the ability of cancer cells to stimulate blood vessel growth
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Why does immune system sometimes fails to recognize cancer cells?
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- may resemble normal cell
- may be coated with fibrin - immunosuppressant meds/tx |
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what is the gene that is related to breast cancer
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BRCA1
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TNM system of staging?
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T - size of the tumor
N - degree of spread to lymph nodes M - presence of metastasis |
