Pharm Ch10: Preparing and Administering Medications

-Capsules
-Elixers
-Emulsions
-Lozenges
-Suspensions
-Syrups
-Tablets

-Gelatin containers that hold powered or liquid med
-Time release or sustained release contain granules that dissolve at different rates, providing slow and consistent release of med
-Must not be opened, crushed, or chewed b/c irritation and excessive or lessened drug activity may be produced

-Liquids made up of drugs dissolved in alcohol and water that may have coloring and flavoring agents added
-Alcohol makes the drug more dissolvable than water alone

-are solutions that have small droplets of water and medication dispersed in oil; or oil and medication dispersed in water
-These preparations help disguise the bitter taste of a drug or increase its solubility

-Medicine mixed with hard sugar base to produce small, hard preparations of various sizes or shapes
-Medication is slowly released when lozenge is sucked

-Liquids with solid insoluble drug particles dispersed throughout
-Particles tend to settle into layers so the medication must be shaken before pouring

-Liquids with high syrup content designed to disguise the bitter taste of a drug
-Esp in ped meds

-Dried powdered drugs compressed into small shapes
-May contain certain coatings of various types to increase solubility or absorption

-1, 3, 5, 10, 20, and 50-mL
-plastic or glass
-Calibrated in mL, Units, or cubic centimeters (cc)

-Intradermal|25-27G|3/8-1/2in| 0.01-0.1mL
-Subq|25-27G|1/2-1in|0.5-2mL
-IM20-22G|1-2in|0.5-2mL
-IV|15-22G|1/2-2in|unlimited

-Allergy sensitivity testine, vaccination and allergy desensitization shots, local anesthetics for minor procedures
-Usually 0.01-0.1mL is injected
-Both small gauge (25G) and short (3/8in)
-Bevel up
-15* angle
-Small bleb should be seen
-Usually on inside of forearm

-No more than 2mL into the area between the muscle and dermis (a little deeper than intradermal)
-Usually in upper arm, scapular region, anterior thigh and abdomen
-Insulin injections are absorbed 50% faster from the abdomen that other areas
-Because subq dosages are so small and potent, be sure to add 1- minims of air to force all of the med in

-Many antibiotics, preop sedatives, narcotics...
-Deep in the muscle, past the dermis and sbuq layers
-If more that 3mL ordered give in 2 injections
-Longer needle should be chased (1/2 or 1in)
-Deltoid, dorsogluteal, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, ventrogluteal
-Insert at 90*
-Do not aspirate
-Can use Z-track technique in large muscle

-Used infrequently because muscle is small and can accommodate only a small dose of med (no more than 2mL)
-A rectangle is formed from the lower edge of the acromion(sharp point on shoulder) to the line of the armpit and the center 1/3 of the outer aspect of the arm

-Common site b/c it is relatively free of nerves and major blood vessels
-Not developed enough in children under 3
-Lie on stomach (prone), point toes inward
-Cross from anus laterally, and posterior iliac spine down
-Use superior, lateral quadrant
-Sciatic nerve may be injured when a nurse fails to properly identify the landmarks

-Position sitting up or lying flat
-Does not cross the midline of the anterior thigh
-Used in children and adults
-1 handbreadth below greater trochanter of femur and above knee

-Located on the anterior lateral thigh away from blood vessels and nerves
-It can absorb an large volume of medication
-Preferred site for infants
-1 handbreadth below greater trochanter of femur and above knee

-Large muscle mass that is free of major nerves and adipose tissue
-Place index finger on the anterior superior iliac spine and the middle finger extended to the iliac crest
-Injection should be made in the center of the 'V' between the index and middle fingers slightly upward toward the crest of the ilium

-The topical application of medication for absorption through the mucous membranes or skin
-Can be put onto the mucous membranes of the ear, eye, nose, mouth or vagina; inhaling aerosolized liquids or gases to carry medication to the nasal passages, sinuses, and lungs; topical creams, powders, ointments or lotions