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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name a Tricylic Glycopeptide
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Vancomycin
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What type of infection does Tricylic Glycopeptide treat?
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Only Gram positive, drug choice for MRSA, or oral C. diff
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What is Redman Syndrome?
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A massive histamine reaction when Vancomycin is administered to fast.
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What side effects can occur with Tricylic Glycopeptide?
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Nephrotoxic, ototoxic, redman syndrome, thrombophlebitis
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What test should be done when taking Tricylic Glycopeptide?
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Need to obtain peaks and troughs (narrow therapeutic range), BUN and Creatinine
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Describe a Tetracyclines?
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Suppress bacterial growth by inhibiting protein synthesis
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Common uses for Tetracyclines?
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Acne, chlamydia, cholera, H-pylori, PNA, lyme disease, antrax
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Teaching for patients taking Tetracylines?
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Patients need to drink a whole glass of water to prevent esophageal irritation.
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When is Tetracyclines contraindictated? Why?
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Children between the ages of 4 months and 8 years due to the permanent discoloration of teeth. Also Patient with Renal disease.
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What labs should be checked prior to administration of Tetracyclines?
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Check renal and hepatic labs
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What are the adverse side effects of tetracyclines?
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Renal toxicity
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Describe the class of Macrolides?
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Broad Spectrum antibiotics, inhibit protein synthesis. Great for patient compliance.
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Name a Macrolides?
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erythromycin, Azithromycin (Zithromax), (Biaxin), (Dynabec), (Tao)
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What are the side effects of a Macrolides?
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GI irritability, diarrhea
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What is a good use of Macrolides?
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Good alternative to PCN allergies, considered safest antibiotic
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When is a Macrolide contra indicated?
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With patients that have hepatic disease
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What is the use of a Macrolide?
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Respiratory Tract infections, otitis media, uncomplicated skin infections
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Name a Aminoglycosides?
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Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tobramycin (Nebin)
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Describe a Aminoglycoside?
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Narrow spectrum- Gram Negative, Disrupts bacterial protein synthesis
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What is the biggest side effect with Aminoglycosides?
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Very NEPHROTOXIC, check BUN and Creatinine before admin. Ototoxic as well. Need to check Peak and Trough
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How are Aminoglycosides given?
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IV only, not absorbed from the GI and will not enter the CSF
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Describe Fluroquinlones?
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Broad spectrum antibiotics, gram positive, but mostly gram negative. Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase rapidly bacterial
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Name a Fluroquinolones?
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There are four generations
levoFLOXacin (levaquin), moxiFLOXacin (Avelox),- effective against anaerobes, and cipro |
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Fluroquinolones Drug of Choice for what?
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Prophylaxis of anthrax, UTI's, STD's, infections
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What are the side effects of Fluroquinolones?
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Nausea, Vomiting, diarrhea, Deep tendon rupture
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Describe sulfonamides?
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Wide spectrum of coverage- gram positive and negative, pervents conversion of PABA to folic acid which is essential for bacterial growth
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Name a sulfonamides?
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Sulfonamide and Trimethoprim (Bactrium, Septra), given in a Fixed Dose- TMP/SMZ
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What is Steven Johnson Syndrome?
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Side effects of sulfonamides are characterized by widespread lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, fever, mailaise, and toxemia. Syndrome has a mortality rate of 25%
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What are the side effects of Sulfonamides?
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Itchy rash, Steven Johnson Syndrome
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What is Sulfonamides usually used for?
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Great against E. coli, UTI's, Otitis media, bronchitis, PNA
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Name a Urinary Tract Analgesic? What is unique about this drug?
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Pyridium, turns the urine orange, it exerts a direct topical analgesic effort. There is a potential for renal/hepatic toxicity.
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Describe a Anti-protozoal?
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Flagyl, primarily used for anaerobic bacteria
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What are the top two drug choices of Anti-protozoal?
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C. diff, prophylaxis in surgical procedures with high risk of anaerobes: abd, vaginal, and colorectal
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Name a Anti-protozoal?
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Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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Name an Anti-Fungal?
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Fluconazole (Diflucan)- well absorbed in the gut
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What is the use of a Anti-Fungal?
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Used to treat candidiosis- yeast infection
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Name a Oxazolinones?
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Linezolid (Zyvox)
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What is an Oxazolinones?
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Newest class of antibiotics, MDR gram positve pathogens reserved for VRE and MRSA
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What are the side effects of Oxazolinones?
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MAO Inhibitor
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Rapid Acting Insulins? Onset, peak, and duration
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Must be used along with intermediate or long actung agents.
Aspart: 5-10 min, 1-3 hrs, 3-5 hrs Lispro:< 15 min, .5- 1.5 hr, 2-4 hr |
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Short acting insulin? Onset, peak, and duration
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Humulin R, Novolin R
.5-1 hr, 2-3 hr, 3-6 hr |
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Intermediate Acting insulin? Onset, peak, and duration
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NPH 2-4 hrs, 4-10 hrs, 10-16 hrs
Ditemir (Levemir) 1-2 hr, no peak, 12-20 hrs |
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Long Acting Insulin? Onset, peak, and duration
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Glargine (Lantus) 1.1, no peak, 24 hrs
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What is Lipodystrophies?
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Altered depoistion of subcutaneous fat
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What is Lipotrophy?
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Loss of subcutaneous fat
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What is Lipohypertrophy?
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Accumulation of subcutaneous fat
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Name the 5 families of Oral Hypoglycemics?
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Sulfonylureas, Meglitnides, Biguanides, Thiazolidnediones (Glitazones), Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
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Describe Sulfonylureas?
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They work by promoting insulin resistance. Gotta have working beta cells. Can cause hypoglycemia
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Name a Sulfonylurea?
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Orinase (Glucotrol), Micronase, DiaBeta (Amaryl)
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Name a Biguanides?
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Metformin (Glucophage)
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Name a Meglitinides?
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Repaglinide (Prandin)
Nateglinide (Starlix) |
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Describe Biguanides?
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They suppress gluconeogensis and enhance glucose uptake in the muscles. Doesn't cause hypoglycemia and rarely Lactic acidosis
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Describe Meglitinides?
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Promote insulin releas. Can cause hypoglycemia.
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What is Metformin contraindicated?
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Renal impairment or Heart Failure
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What are the side effects of Biguanides?
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Decrease appatite, nausea, and diarrhea, toxicity- lactic acidosis
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Describe Thiazolidinediones (Glilazones)
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Reduces glucose levels by decreasing insulin resistance
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Name a Glitazones?
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Rosigitazone (Avandia), proglitazone (Actos)
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What patient profiling should be done?
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Drugs are not favored and should be avoided in patients with cardiac problems.Moniter liver and can cause fluid retention.
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Describe Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
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They slow the absorption of dietary carbohydrates and reduce the rise in blood glucose after a meal.
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Name a Alpha Glucosidase?
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Acarbose (Precose)
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What are the side effects of Alpha Glucosidase?
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GI problems: superbad flatulence, abd distention, and diarrhea
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Name a Amylin Mimetics?
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Pramlintide (Symlin)
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Describe a Amylin Mimetics?
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Reduce postproandial levels of glucose. Delays gastric emptying and suppresses glucagon. The brain thinks the stomach is full.
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Describe Incretin Mimetics?
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Synthetic version of a peptide found in Gila monster saliva. Slows gastric emptying, inhibits glucagon and suppresses the appetite.
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Name a Incretin Mimetics?
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Exanatide (Byetta)
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Describe DPP-4 Inhibitor?
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Enhances the body's own ability to release insulin. Breaks down the proteins that increase the release of insulin.
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Name a DPP-4 Inhibitor?
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Sitagliptin (Januvia)
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What three factors determine stroke volume?
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Myocardial contractility, afterload, and preload.
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What is Preload? What affects preload?
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End Diastolic volume, what is left in the ventricle after contraction.
Fluid/volume and stretch |
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What is Afterload? What affects afterload?
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End systolic wall stress or resistance.
Resistance or Constriction |
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What regulates blood pressure?
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At first the Autonomic system within seconds and then the RAAS!
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Explain Angiotension II?
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Powerful Vasoconstriction
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What is a Natruretic peptide?
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They are released to Decrease volume by inhibiting ADH and aldosterine. Also there is dilaion of arterioles and veins. (Decrease preload)
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What is the mechanism of an ACE inhibitor?
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Reduce levels of angiotension II and decrease aldosterone, therefore they decrease preload and afterload.
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What does aldosterone effect?
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Preload, by the release it increases sodium and water retention. This increases Volume.
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What are the uses of ACE inhibitors? What should before administering?
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HTN, HF, Diabetes nephropathy, post MI
K+, BP (hold for a BP <100) |
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What are the side effects of ACE Inhibitors?
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First dose hypotension, and dry persistant cough, hyperkalemia.
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Name a ACE Inhibitor? What does it end in?
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Captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec)
End in -Pril |
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What is the mechanism of action of an Angiotension II Receptor Blocker (ARB's)?
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Block the action of angiotension II.
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Why is an ARB better than the ACE inhibitor?
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No accumulation of bradykinin's... no cough! Less problems with K+.
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What are the uses of ARB's? What are the side effects of ARB's?
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HTN, HF, Diabetic Nephropathy, post MI, Stroke prevention.
Angioedema, renal failure |
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Name a Angiotension II Receptor Blocker (ARB's)?
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Valsartan (Diovan), they end in -Tan.
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What is the mechanism of action of Aldosterone Antagonist?
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Decrease in aldosterone. Blockade produces retention of K+ and the loss of Na+ and water.
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Name a Aldosterone Antagonist?
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Spironolactone (Aldactone), Eplerenone (Inspra)
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What are the uses of a Aldosterone Antagonist? and side effects?
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HTN and HF
SE: increase in K+ |
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What is the mechanism of action of a Calcium Channel Blocker?
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Regulate the function of SA and AV node. Decreases the force of contraction. Vasodilation.
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Name a Calcium Channel Blocker?
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verapamil (Calan), nefedipine (Procardia), nimodipine (Nimotop) ends in -Pine
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What are the uses of a Calcium Channel Blocker? What are the side effects?
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Angina, HTN, vasospasm
SE: Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, gingival hyperplasia, constipation |
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Why control Blood Pressure?
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Leading cause of MI, HF, Angina pectoris, Kidney disease, and Stroke
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Receptor sites:
-Beta I -Beta II |
-Increase heart rate and contractility
-Cause bronchodilation |
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Receptor sites:
-Alpha I -Alpha II |
-Causes vasoconstriction
-Causes vasodilation |
