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Drug:
Chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease
Pharmacology:
The study of drugs and their interactions with the body
Assay:
Test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory
Bioequivalence:
Relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs
Bioassay:
Test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model
Dose Packaging:
Medication packages that contain a single dose for a single patient
Teratogenic drug:
Medication that may deform or kill the fetus
Free Drug Availability:
Proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.
Pharmacokinetics:
How drugs are transported into and out of the body
Pharmacodynamics:
How a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects
Facilitated Diffusion:
Process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.
Passive Transport:
Movement of a substance without the use of energy
Diffusion:
Movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Osmosis:
Movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Filtration:
Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure
Ionize:
To become electrically charged or polar
Bioavailability:
Amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue
Blood-Brain Barrier:
Tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass.
Placentral Barrier:
Biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.
Metabolism:
The body's breaking down of chemicals into different chemicals
Biotransformation:
Special name given to the metabolism of drugs
Prodrug:
Medication that is not active when administered but whose biotransformation converts it into active metabolites.
First-Pass Effect:
The liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation
Oxidation:
The loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge on the molecule.
Hydrolysis:
The breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion into the other
Enternal Route:
Delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract
Parenteral Route:
Delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medications into the circulation system or tissues
Receptor:
Specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effective
Affinity:
Force of attraction between a drug and a receptor
Efficacy:
A drug's ability to cause the expected response
Second Messenger:
Chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect
Down-regulation:
Binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease
Up-regulation:
A drug causes the formation of more receptors than normal
Agonist:
Drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response
Antagonist:
Drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response
Agonist-Antagonist:
Drug that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others
Competitive antagonism:
One drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor
Noncompetitive Antagonism:
The binding of an antagonist cause a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting an binding
Irreversible Antagonism:
A competitive antagonist permanently bind with a receptor site
Side Effect:
Unintended response to a drug
Drug-response relationship:
Correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response
Plasma-level profile:
Describes the length of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration.
Onset of action:
The time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration
Duration of action:
Length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration
Termination of action:
Time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body
Therapeutic index:
Ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50 percent of the population to its effective dose for 50 percent of the population
Biological Half-life:
time the body takes to clear one half of a drug
Prototype:
Drug that best demonstrates the class's common properties and illustrates its particular character
Analgesic:
Medication that relieves the sensation of pain
Analgesia:
the absence of the sensation of pain
Anesthesia:
The absence of all sensations
Adjunct Medication:
Agent that enhances the effect of other drugs.
Anesthetic:
The absence of all sensations
Adjunct Medication:
Agent that enhances the effects of other drugs
Anesthetic:
Medication that induces a loss of sensation to touch or pain
Neuroleptanesthesia:
anesthesia that combines decreased sensation of pain with amnesia while the patient remains conscious.
Sedation:
State of decreased anxiety and inhibition
Hypnosis:
Instigation of sleep
Psychotherapeutic Medication:
Drug used to treat mental dysfunction
Extrapyramidal symptoms:
Common side effects of antipsychotic medications that include muscle tremors and parkinsonism like effects
Neuroleptic:
Antipsychotic
Autonomic Nervous System:
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
Autonomic Ganglia:
Groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
Preganglionic Nerves:
Nerve fibres that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic Ganglia.
Postganglionic Nerves:
Nerve fibres that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
Neuroeffector Junction:
Specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates
Neurotransmitter:
Chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse
Cholinergic:
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
Adrenergic:
Pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
Parasympatholytic:
Drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the action of the parasympathetic nervous system
Sympathomimetic:
Drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous System
Sympatholytic:
Drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system
Antidysrhythmic:
Drug used to treat and prevent abnormal cardiac rhythms
Antihypertensive:
Drug used to treat hypertension
Diuretic:
Drug used to reduce circulating blood volume by increasing the amount of urine
Hemostasis:
The stoppage of bleeding
Antiplatelet:
drug that decreases the formation of platelet plugs
Anticoagulant:
Drug that interrupts the clotting cascade
Thrombolytics:
Drug that acts directly on thrombi to break them down
Antihyperlipidemic:
Drug used to treat high blood cholesterol
Leukotriene:
Mediator released from mast cells on contact with allergens
Histamine:
An endogenous substance that affects a wide variety or organ systems
Antitussive:
Medication that suppresses the stimulus to cough in the central nervous system
Expectorant:
Medication intended to increase the productivity of a cough
Mucolytic:
Medication intended to make mucus more watery
Antacid:
Alkalotic compound used to increase the gastric environment’s pH
Laxative:
Medication used to decrease stool’s firmness and increase its water content
Surfactant:
Substance that decreases surface tension
Antiemetic:
Medication used to prevent vomiting
Insulin:
Substance that decreases blood glucose level
Glucagon:
Substance that increases blood glucose level
Antineoplastic agent:
Drug used to treat cancer
Antibiotic:
Agent that kills or decreases the growth of bacteria
Pathogen:
Disease-causing organism
Immunity:
The body’s ability to respond to the presence of a pathogen
Serum:
Solution containing whole antibodies for a specific pathogen
Vaccine:
Solution containing a modified pathogen that does not actually cause disease but still stimulates the development of antibodies specific to it